财务管理 会计 外文翻译 外文文献.docx
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财务管理会计外文翻译外文文献
财务管理会计外文翻译外文文献
InternationalFinancialReportingStandards:
TheRoadAheadByLangmead,JosephM,Soroosh,Jalal
Publication:
TheCPAJournal
Date:
Sunday,March12009
InDecember2007,theSECeliminatedtherequirementtoprovideU.S.GAAPinformationformanyforeigncompanyfilersthatuseInternationalFinancialReportingStandards(IFRS).TheSEChasalsopublishedaproposedruleforU.S.companiestostartpreparingtheirfinancialstatementsusingIFRS.IFRSiseffectivelyintheprocessofreplacingU.S.GAAPintheU.S.capitalmarkets-ithasalreadyreplacedGAAPfornon-U.S.companieslistedindomesticmarkets,andwillsoonreplaceGAAPforU.S.publiccompanies.TheserapiddevelopmentswillrequireCPAstoretoolandlearnmoreaboutIFRSquickly.DoingsorequiresanappreciationofwhyIFRSisofsuchimmediateinteresttoU.S.businessesandpractitioners,afamiliaritywiththehistoryandbackgroundofIFRS.andanunderstandingofthekeysimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenIFRSandU.S.GAAP.ThisprimeronIFRSconcludeswithsomepracticalconsiderationsforacompanyconvertingU.S.GAAPtoIFRS.
Background
WhyisIFRSbackinthenews?
TheFASBandtheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)havecommittedrepeatedly-beginningwiththeNorwalkAgreementof2002-totheconvergenceofthetwobodiesofstandardsonanaggressivetimetable.U.S.accountantsmighthaveexpectedthatalltheyneededtodowaskeepupwiththechangestoU.S.standards,which,ingoodtime,wouldbethesameasIFRS.Ifonewantedtokeepupwiththeprogressoftheconvergenceeffort,onecouldeasilyaccessSECfilingsforsomenon-U.S.registrantsusingIFRSandreviewtherequiredreconciliationstoU.S.GAAPasconvergencematuredandthedifferencesgraduallydisappeared.
Apassiveapproachmaynolongerberealistic.AccordingtoaDecember2007rulechangebytheSEC,manynon-U.S.filerswhouseIFRSarenolongerrequiredtopreparereconciliationsoftheirkeyfinancialstatementamountstoU.S.GAAP.ThelastreconciliationsformanyIFRScompanieswerefiledwiththeSECfor2006,meaningthattheonlyrecentfinancialinformationonrecordisIFRSinformation.Thevisibilityofthosedifferencesislost.Furthermore,implicitinthenewrule,theSEChaseffectivelyacknowledgedIFRSasanalternativeaccountingmodelfornon-U.S.companieswhosesecuritiestradeinU.S.markets.AslongasIFRSandU.S.GAAPcontaindifferences-astheycertainlydotodaythereareeffectivelytwosetsofacceptablestandardsintheUnitedStates.
OnemighthavetakensomecomfortinthefactthatU.S.companieswouldcontinuetouseU.S.GAAP.Butthatassumptionisintheprocessofbeingdismantled.In2007,theSECissuedaconceptreleaseasacompanionpiecetotheaforementionednewrule.Thereleaseexaminedissues
1
andquestions-andinvitedcomments-surroundingthestrikingscenarioinwhichU.S.publiccompanies,oratleastsomeofthem,wouldbegintouseIFRSastheirnewaccountingandreportingmodel.Thisreleasewasmuchdiscussedand,afteravotebytheSEC,araleproposalwasissuedonNovember14,2008(www.sec.gov/rules/proposed/2008/33-8982.pdf),providinga"roadmap"forthefullreplacementofU.S.GAAPwithIFRSforallU.S.publiccompaniesinaseriesofstagesby2016.
TheseSECinitiativesputtwopartsofawidelyacceptedagendaatoddswitheachother:
1)adriveforasingle,high-qualitysetofaccountingandreportingstandardsappropriateforusearoundtheworldassoonaspossible,and2)continuedpursuitofthemorecomplicatedandtime-consumingprocessofconvergenceofU.S.GAAPandIFRS.Thefast-trackingoftheformerisplainlyapriorityattheSEC,evenwhilethelatterremainsanactive,albeitmoregradual,agendaitem.Unfortunately,theeffectoftoostronganemphasisonuniversalitymightbetodecouplethetwodimensionsand,inadvertentlyperhaps,weakentheconvergenceeffortorrenderitirrelevant.
TheSEC's2003studyreport,undertakenpursuanttosection108(d)oftheSarbanes-OxleyAct(SOX),concludedthatconvergenceshouldbeapriority,butthisconclusionwasaccompaniedbyarelatedoverarchingpointalreadyembeddedinthelanguageofSOXitself:
TheU.S.GAAPmodelwasflawed-too"rules-based"andamore"principles-based"modelshouldbesoughtasareplacement[SOXsection108(d)(B)].ThestudyreportcitedseveralU.S.standardsthatrelyonstrictralesofapplication,therebyrenderingthemsubjecttocircumvention.U.S.GAAPwasthusdeemedpartoftheproblematiclandscapethathelpedgiverisetothedebaclesofEnronandWorldCom.IFRSwasalsoflawedbut,onbalance,bothSOXandtheresultingstudyreportmadeitclearthatconvergenceshouldmeanamovementawayfromtherulesmentalityofU.S.GAAPandtowardtheprinciplesmentalitymorecharacterist