利益相关者1.docx
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利益相关者1
Contentstable
Introduction2
Stakeholdertheory3
Strategicstakeholdertheory3
Identificationofstakeholders4
Differentmethodsofclassifyingshareholders5
Multidimensionaltaxonomy6
Mitchelltaxonomy6
Normativestakeholdertheory7
Theproposalofenterprises’socialresponsibility8
Conclusion9
Reference9
Enterprises’stakeholdersandsocialresponsibility
Introduction
Stakeholdersinfluenceenterprisestogreatextentsinceenterprises’operationactivitieshavetobetestedbystakeholders.Therefore,itisverymeaningfulforenterprisestostudystakeholdersanditsmanagementissues.Incomplexcommercialcontext,thesurvivalanddevelopmentofenterprisesmustdependontheactiveinvolvementofstakeholders.Speakingofstakeholders,stockholdersareonlyoneofitsmembers.Stakeholderscouldbedividedindetail,anddifferenttypesofstakeholdershavedifferentlevelsofinfluencesonenterprises;similarly,stakeholdersareinfluencedbyenterprisesatdifferentlevels.Atthesametime,enterprisescannotsatisfytherequirementsofallstakeholderssincetheresourcesofenterprisesarelimited.Moreover,theinterestsofstakeholdersmaybeconflicting,companiesthereforehavetoevaluateandweighinterestsofdifferentstakeholders.Tobalancetheinterestsofdifferentstakeholders,itisnecessarytoclassifystakeholdersbasedondifferentdimensions,thatis,tomanagestakeholders.
Inaddition,socialresponsibilityofenterprisesisalwaysahottopicfocusedbythetheoreticalworldandpracticalworld.Withtheglobalizationofeconomyandfirmmanagement,enterprisesperformtheirsocialresponsibilitynotonlybecausetheyhavetodoitbuttheytrytoseekforlong-termandsustainabledevelopment.Peoplewillnotarguethatwhetherenterprisesshouldimplementtheirsocialresponsibility,buttheydowonderhowenterprisesperformtheirsocialresponsibility.Formtheviewofstakeholdertheory,thispaperbelievesthatsocialresponsibilityofenterprisesistohandletherelationshipbetweenenterprisesthemselvesandstakeholderandtosatisfystakeholders’requirementsandexpectationssoastoobtaintheirsatisfaction,trustandloyalty.Fromthislevel,thispapertakesforthatthecoreofcorporatesocialresponsibilitymanagementisthemanagementofstakeholder.
Thisarticledemonstratedtherelationshipbetweenstakeholdersandenterprisesthroughstudyingandanalyzingstakeholdertheory,analyzingtheclassificationofstakeholdersandrecognitionsonsocialresponsibilityandanalyzingstrategicandnormativestakeholdertheory.Asaresult,thispapergetsaconclusionthatcompaniesandstakeholdersarecloselyrelated,andthemanagementofstakeholderscouldpromotethelongrunofcompanies.
Stakeholdertheory
Businessethicsandorganizationalmanagementarethethemesofstakeholdertheorywhichdealswithvaluesaswellasmoralsinthemanagementoforganizations.Inhisbook‘StrategicManagement:
AStakeholderApproach’,R.Edwardfirstlydetailedthistheory.Heidentified,modeledpeoplewhoarestakeholdersofcompanies,andhenotonlydescribedbutalsoproposedapproachesthroughwhichstakeholdermanagementisabletogiveconsiderationtothesegroups’interests.
Intraditionalmeaningandfromtheviewofshareholders,stockholdersorshareholdersaretheactualpossessorofafirm;therefore,companieshavedutyofconsideringtheirinterestsfirstsoastocreatemorevalueforstakeholders.Nevertheless,sincestakeholdertheorycameintobeing,supportersofthistheoryarguedthatnotonlystakeholders,butalsosuppliers,customers,employees,governmentalbodies,communities,politicalgroups,tradeunionsandemployeesarestakeholdersofcompanies.What’s’more,somepeopleevenarguedthatcompetitorscouldbetakenasstakeholdersoffirms.Tillnow,thereareplentifuldefinitionsofstakeholdersinacademicworld(Miles,2011).
Market-basedview,resource-basedviewandsocial-politicalviewcomposestrategicstakeholderview.Theviewofanenterpriseisutilizedtodefinespecificstakeholdersofthiscompanyandtestsituationsunderwhichthegroupshavetobetakenastheirshareholders.
Strategicstakeholdertheory
Strategicstakeholdermanagementputforwardthatmanagershastohighlighttherelationshipbetweenkeystakeholdersinordertoensurethemaximumofshareholders’interestsinlongterm.
Everyactionofacorporationhasdirectrelationswitheachstakeholder,therefore,itisnecessaryforcompaniestomanagetheiroperationenvironmentcarefully;especially,itseemstobemeaningfulforexcellententerprisestohandletherelationshipbetweenthemselvesandstakeholders.Forcompanies,thevaluegeneratedfromaddressingrelationshipamongstakeholdersissignificant.
Itcouldbeseenthatthemanagementmodelisbasedonthehypothesisthattheultimategoalofcorporationdecisionsistoachievemarket.Companiesviewstakeholdersasapartofoutsidemarketenvironment,tocompanieshavetomanagestakeholdersinordertoensuretheirownreturnsandinterestsofstakeholders.Ifcompaniesfullyconsiderforstakeholders,itcouldbeavoidedthatcorporationdecisionsareobstructedbystakeholdersduetoweakconsideration.Sincestakeholderscontrolcertainresourceswhatareneededbycorporationdecision,companiesshouldnotmakedecisionsarbitrarilyregardlessthevoiceofstakeholders(Pfeifer&Salancik,1978).Allinall,stakeholdermanagementisanapproachtoachievecompanies’goalofoperation.
Stakeholdermanagementisonlyasmallsectionofcorporatestrategy,anditwillnotbecomethedrivingforceofcorporatestrategy.Strategicstakeholdermanagementindicatesthesameconception.Themanagementclaimsthatenterpriseswillabandonmanagingthegroupofstakeholderswhencertainresourcesofstakeholdersdonotmatteranymoreormanagementmodelsusedareprovedtobeuselessforthecompanies’interests.Onlywhenstakeholdersarevaluableforcompanieswillstakeholdermanagementbecontainedintheprocessofcorporatedecision.
Tobringstakeholdersintocorporategovernancesoastomakeenterprisesconcentrateonthelongtermdevelopment;besides,opportunisticbehaviorscanbereducedsincestakeholderswillpaymoreattentiontothedevelopmentofenterprises.Therefore,companiescanformalong-termcollaborativerelationshipwithstakeholderbasedontrust,whichisabletoreducetransactioncostsandcostsbroughtbyinformationasymmetry.Meanwhile,cooperativerelationshipbuiltbetweenthemselvesandclients/suppliesshapescomposesthecorecompetivenessoffirms.
Howtodefinestakeholders?
Differentmethodsandtheoriesexistatthesametimeinacademicworld.ClassificationmethodsputforwardbyClarksonandMitchellwillbemainlyintroducedinthispaper.Thedefinitionofstakeholderwillbedemonstratedbyillustratingthesetwoacademics’theoriesandsomeothertheoreticalsupports.
Identificationofstakeholders
Theterm‘stakeholder’isactuallydefinedin1960s.inspiredbytheterm’shareholder’,academicsofStanfordUniversitymadeuseof‘stakeholder’todescribegroupsorindividualswhohavecloserelationswithenterprises.Accordingtothem,thereexistseveralinterestgroupswhichdeterminethesurvivalofenterprisessinceenterprisescouldnotsucceedwithoutthesegroups’support.Thedefinitionmadepeoplerealizethattheperformanceofenterprisesisnotonlymatterstoshareholdersbutmanyinterestsgroupsaroundthecompaniesthoughthisdefinitionisnarrow.
Since1970s,stakeholdertheoryhasbeenbroadlyacceptedanddeveloped.Ansoff,arepresentativeofsocialresponsibility,pointedoutthatconflictinginterestsofvariousstakeholdersmustbecomprehensivelyconsideredwhenmakingidealcorporategoalswhilestakeholdersmayincludeemployees,shareholders,managers,suppliersaswellasclients.
Theacademicworlddefinesstakeholderfrombroadandnarrowsense.Stakeholdersincludenon-socialindividualsandgroupsaccordingtothebroadmeaning.Forinstance,Wheeler,anAmericanmanagerialisttookforthatnon-socialgroupsandindividualssuchasdeteriorationofnaturalenvironment,descendantofhumansandinhumanbandarestakeholdersofenterprises.Itisbecausecorporateactivitiesinfluencetheseindividualsorgroupsthatthesenon-socialgroupsandindividualsandinhumanbandarelistedinstakeholders(Starik,1994;GeorgeSteiner&JohnSteiner,1997,2002).Asfornarrowmeaningofstakeholder,itonlytakesthoseindividualsorgroupswhohavegreatinfluenceofthesurvivalofenterprisesintoaccount.
Manyindividualsandgroupsarestakeholdersofcompaniesundersuchacompetitiveandglobalizedenvironment.Fromtheviewofcorporatemanagement,thereindividualsandgroupshavetheirownlegitimaterights,andtheypossessreasonableandlegitimateinterestsandrequirementsintheoperationoffirms.
Differentmethodsofclassifyingshareholders
Regardingtoclassificationstudyonstakeholders,thereexistvariousresearchachievementinacademicworld.Everyclassificationofstakeholdersisstudiedfromdifferentangles,andeverystudyhastheoreticalandpracticalmeanings.Itistheseresearchesthatpromotethedevelopmentandinnovationofstakeholdertheory.Thereisstillnotaunifiedstandardfortheclassificationofstakeholdersduetothebroaddefinitionofstakeholders.Theresearchresultswillnotbeconvincibleifstakeholdersarestudiedasawholebasedonthedefinitionofstakeholders.Stakeholdersarenothomogenizedgroupbuttheunionofdifferentvarieties;itneedstobefurtherclassifiedbasedoncertaincriteriaanddimensions.Survival,developmentoffirmscouldnotbeachievedwithoutthesupportofstake