语言学教程练习 第4章.docx

语言学教程练习 第4章.docx

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语言学教程练习第4章

ChapterFourFromWordtoText

I.Markthechoicethatbestcompletesthestatement.

ofthefollowingtermdoesNOTmeanthesameastherelationof

substitutability

A.AssociativerelationB.Paradigmaticrelation

C.VerticalrelationD.Horizontalrelation

2.Clausescanbeusedassubordinateconstituentsandthethreebasic

typesofsubordinateclausesarecomplementclauses,adjunctsclausesand

_______.

A.relativeclausesB.adverbialclauses

C.coordinateclausesD.subordinateclauses

3.Namesofthesyntacticfunctionsareexpressedinallthefollowing

termsEXCEPT______.

A.subjectsandobjectsB.objectsandpredicators

C.modifiersandcomplementsD.endocentricandexocentric

4.InEnglish,caseisaspecialformofthenounwhichfrequently

correspondstoacombinationofperceptionandnounanditisrealized

inallthefollowingchannelsEXCEPT_______.

A.inflectionB.followingaprepositionC.wordorderD.

verticalrelation

5.InEnglish,themeandrhemeareoftenexpressedby_____and____.

A.subject;objectB.subject;predicateC.predicate;objectD.

object;predicate

6.Phrasestructureruleshave_____properties.

A.recursiveB.grammaticalC.socialD.functional

7.WhichofthefollowingisNOTamongthethreebasicwaystoclassify

languagesintheworld

A.WordorderB.GeneticclassificationC.ArealclassificationD.

Socialclassification

thecityRomeis______.8.Theheadofthephrase

thecityRomecitythecityRomeB.D.A.C.

9.Thephraseontheshelfbelongsto______construction.

A.endocentricB.exocentricC.subordinateD.coordinate

Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexpose10.Thesentence

themselvesisa_____sentence.

A.simpleB.coordinateC.compoundD.complex

II.Markthefollowingstatementswith“T”iftheyaretrueor“F”

iftheyarefalse.

1.Therelationofco-occurrencepartlybelongtosyntagmaticrelations,

partlytoparadigmaticrelations.

2.Onepropertycoordinationrevealsisthatthereisalimitonthenumber

ofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.

AccordingtoStandardTheoryofChomsky,deepstructurecontainall

3.

theinformationnecessaryforthesemanticinterpretationof

sentences.

4.InEnglish,theobjectisrecognizedbytracingitsrelationtoword

orderandbyinflectionsofpronouns.

5.Classesandfunctionsdetermineeachother,butnotinanyone-to-one

relation.

6.Usuallynounphrases,verbphrasesandadverbialphrasesbelongto

endocentrictypesofconstriction.

7.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobject

usuallyfollowstheverb.

Johnkickedtheball,Intheexocentricconstructionneither8.constituentstandsfortheverb-objectsequence.

9.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.

10.Inacoordinatesentence,two（ormore）Sconstituentsoccuras

daughtersandco-headsofahigherS.

III.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithanappropriateword.The

firstletterofthewordisalreadygiven.

1.ThesubordinateconstituentsarewordswhichmodifytheHeadsand

consequently,theycanbecalledm____________.

Johnbelieves（thattheairplanewasinventedbyanIrishman）.Thepart2.

inthebracketisac_________clause.

3.Inordertoaccountforthecaseofthesubjectinpassivevoice,we

haveanothertwoterms,p____________andn__________.

4.Thereisatendencytomakeadistinctionbetweenphraseandw_______,

whichisanextensionofwordofaparticularclassbywayof

modificationwithitsmainfeaturesoftheclassunchanged.

5.Recursiveness,togetherwitho_______,isgenerallyregardedasthe

coreofcreativityoflanguage.

6.Traditionally,p_________isseenaspartofastructuralhierarchy,

positionedbetweenclauseandword.

7.Thecasecategoryisusedintheanalysisofwordclassestoidentity

thes______relationshipbetweenwordsinasentence.

8.ClausecanbeclassifiesintoFINITEandNON-FINITEclauses,thelatter

includingthetraditionalinfinitivephrase,p__________,and

gerundialphrase.

masculine:

feminine:

n_______.Genderdisplayssuchcontrastsas9.

10.Englishgendercontrastcanonlybeobserveding__________andasmall

numberofl__________andtheyaremainlyofthenaturalgendertype.

IV.Explainthefollowingconceptsortheories.

1.Syntax

2.ICanalysis

3.Relationofco-occurrence

Category4.

5.Recursiveness

V.MatcheachterminColumnAwithonerelevantiteminColumnB.

AB

（1）syntacticrelationa.number,genderandcase

b.conjoiningandembedding

（2）grammaticalconstructionc.syntagmaticrelation（3）syntacticfunction

d.substitutability（4）category

e.coordinationandsubordination（5）recusiveness

f.hypotacticandparatactic

（6）positionalrelation

relations

g.conjunction,（7）associativerelationellipsis,reference

h.subject,predicateandobject（8）sententialconnection

I.finiteandnon-infinite（9）cohesion

j.paradigmaticrelation（10）clause

VI.Answerthefollowingquestion.

1.Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction

2.Whatarethebasicfunctionaltermsinsyntax

VII.Essayquestion.

1.Explainancommentonthefollowingsentenceaandb.

a.Johniseasytoplease.

b.Johniseagertoplease.

2.Commentonthestatement,“Linguisticstructureishiearchical”

I.Markthefollowingstatementswith“T”iftheyaretrueor“F”

iftheyarefalse.

1.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,buttheyare

capableofyieldinganinfinitenumberofsentences.

2.Although,asinglewordcanalsobeutteredasasentence,normally

asentenceconsistsofatleastasubject,itspredicateandanobject.\

3.Thesentencesarelinearlystructured,sotheyarecomposedofsequence

ofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder.

4.hisuponanidea.

ideahituponJohn.

Intheabovesentences,thesubjectandobjectconstituentbythe

sentencesswitchtheirposition.Althoughsentencebisabsurd,itis

stillgrammatical,becauseJohnandanideaareofthesamephrasal

category.

powerful

arerulescombinationalthenumber,smallaofaretheyThough5.

enoughtoyieldallthepossiblesentencesandruleouttheimpossible

ones.

6.InasentencelikeMarylikesflowers,bothMaryandflowersarenot

onlyNouns,butalsoNounPhrases.

7.Therecursivepropertycanbasicallybediscussedinacategory-based

grammar,butnotinaword-basedgrammar.

8.AnXPmustcontainanXwhichiscalledthephrasalhead.

9.Inthephrasethisverytallgirl,tallgirlisanobligatoryelement

andtheheadofthephrase.

10.a.Themanbeatthechild.b.Thechildwasbeatenbytheman.

Intheabovesentences,themovementofthechildfromitsoriginal

placetoanewplaceisaWH-movement.

11.Tenseandaspect,thetwoimportantcategoriesoftheverb,nowadays

areviewedasseparatenotionsingrammar.

12.Thestructuralistsregardlinguisticunitsasisolatedbitsina

structure（orsystem）.

13.ICanalysiscanhelpustoseetheinternalstructureofasentence

clearlyanditcanalsodistinguishtheambiguityofasentence.

14.Structurallinguistsholdthatasentencedoesonlyhavealinear

structure,butithasahierarchicalstructure,madeupoflayersof

wordgroups.

15.InSaussure'sview,thelinguistcannotattempttoexplainindividual

signsinapiecemealfashion.Insteadhemusttrytofindthevalue

ofasignfromitsrelationtoothers,orrather,itspositioninthe

system.

16.Thetheme-rhemeorderistheusualoneinunemotionalnarration,which

isasubjectiveorder.

17.WhatisnewinHallidayisthathehastriedtorelatethefunctions

oflanguagetoitsstructure.

18.Sentenceisabasicunitofstructureinfunctionalgrammar.

19.Theinterpersonalfunctionoflanguagereferstotheideaheldby

Hallidaythatlanguageservesotestablishandmaintainsocial

relations.

20.Finiteisafunctionintheclauseasarepresentation,boththe

representationofouterexperienceandinnerexperience.

21.Therelationsofco-occurrencepartlybelongtosyntagmaticrelations,

partlytoparadigmaticrelations.

22.AccordingtoChomsky,grammarisamechanismthatshouldbeableto

generateallandonlythegrammaticalsentencesofalanguage.

23.InEnglish,thesubjectofasentenceissaidtobethedoerofan

action,whiletheobjectisthepersonorthingacteduponbythedoer.

Therefore,thesubjectisalwaysanagentandthepatientisalways

theobject.

InEnglish,theobjectisrecognizedbytracingitsrelationtoword

24.

orderandbyinflectionsofpronouns.

25.Classesandfunctionsdetermineeachother,butnotinanyone-to-one

relation.

26.Thesyntacticrulesofalanguagearefiniteinnumber,andthereare

alimitednumberofsentenceswhichcanbeproduced.

27.Structuralismviewslanguageasbothlinearlyandhierarchically

structured.

28.Phrasestructurerulesprovideexplanationsonhowsyntactic

categoriesareformedandsentencesgenerated.

29.UGisasystemoflinguisticknowledgeandahumanspecies-specific

giftwhichexistsinthemindofanormalhumanbeing.

30.Tenseandaspectaretwoimportantcategoriesoftheverb,andthey

wereseparatedintraditionalgrammar.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswith（an）appropriateword（s）.

1.Asisrequiredbythe______,anounphrasemusthavecaseandcase

isassignedbyverb,orprepositiontothe_________positionorby

auxiliarytothe________position.

2.Adjacencyconditionstatesthatacase________