语言学教程练习 第4章.docx

1、语言学教程练习 第4章Chapter Four From Word to Text I. Mark the choice that best completes the statement. of the following term does NOT mean the same as the relation of substitutability A. Associative relation B. Paradigmatic relation C. Vertical relation D. Horizontal relation 2. Clauses can be used as subo

2、rdinate constituents and the three basic types of subordinate clauses are complement clauses, adjuncts clauses and _. A. relative clauses B. adverbial clauses C. coordinate clauses D. subordinate clauses 3. Names of the syntactic functions are expressed in all the following terms EXCEPT _. A. subjec

3、ts and objects B. objects and predicators C. modifiers and complements D. endocentric and exocentric 4. In English, case is a special form of the noun which frequently corresponds to a combination of perception and noun and it is realized in all the following channels EXCEPT _. A. inflection B. foll

4、owing a preposition C. word order D. vertical relation 5. In English, theme and rheme are often expressed by _ and _. A. subject; object B. subject; predicate C. predicate; object D. object; predicate 6. Phrase structure rules have _ properties. A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional 7.

5、 Which of the following is NOT among the three basic ways to classify languages in the world A. Word order B. Genetic classification C. Areal classification D. Social classification the city Rome is _.8. The head of the phrase the cityRome city the city Rome B. D. A. C. 9. The phrase on the shelf be

6、longs to _ construction. A. endocentric B. exocentric C. subordinate D. coordinate They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose 10. The sentence themselves is a _ sentence. A. simple B. coordinate C. compound D. complex II. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they

7、 are false. 1. The relation of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations. 2. One property coordination reveals is that there is a limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction. According to Standard Theory of Choms

8、ky, deep structure contain all 3.the information necessary for the semantic interpretation of sentences. 4. In English, the object is recognized by tracing its relation to word order and by inflections of pronouns. 5. Classes and functions determine each other, but not in any one-to-one relation. 6.

9、 Usually noun phrases, verb phrases and adverbial phrases belong to endocentric types of constriction. 7. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb. John kicked the ball, In the exocentric constructionneither 8.constituent stands for the verb-obj

10、ect sequence. 9. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. 10. In a coordinate sentence, two (or more) S constituents occur as daughters and co-heads of a higher S. III. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already g

11、iven. 1. The subordinate constituents are words which modify the Heads and consequently, they can be called m_. John believes (that the airplane was invented by an Irishman). The part 2. in the bracket is a c_ clause. 3. In order to account for the case of the subject in passive voice, we have anoth

12、er two terms, p_ and n_. 4. There is a tendency to make a distinction between phrase and w_, which is an extension of word of a particular class by way of modification with its main features of the class unchanged. 5. Recursiveness, together with o_, is generally regarded as the core of creativity o

13、f language. 6. Traditionally, p_ is seen as part of a structural hierarchy, positioned between clause and word. 7. The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identity the s_ relationship between words in a sentence. 8. Clause can be classifies into FINITE and NON-FINITE clauses, th

14、e latter including the traditional infinitive phrase, p_, and gerundial phrase. masculine: feminine: n_.Gender displays such contrasts as 9. 10. English gender contrast can only be observed in g_ and a small number of l_ and they are mainly of the natural gender type. IV. Explain the following conce

15、pts or theories. 1. Syntax 2. IC analysis 3. Relation of co-occurrence Category 4.5. Recursiveness V. Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B. A B (1) syntactic relation a. number, gender and case b. conjoining and embedding (2) grammatical constructionc. syntagmatic relation(

16、3) syntactic function d. substitutability(4) category e. coordination and subordination (5) recusiveness f. hypotactic and paratactic (6) positional relation relations g. conjunction, (7) associative relationellipsis, reference h. subject, predicate and object(8) sentential connection I. finite and

17、non-infinite(9) cohesion j. paradigmatic relation(10) clause VI. Answer the following question. 1. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction 2. What are the basic functional terms in syntax VII. Essay question. 1. Explain an comment on the following sentence a and b. a.John is ea

18、sy to please. b.John is eager to please. 2. Comment on the statement, “Linguistic structure is hiearchical” I. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false. 1. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but they are capable of yielding an infinite n

19、umber of sentences. 2. Although, a single word can also be uttered as a sentence, normally a sentence consists of at least a subject, its predicate and an object. 3. The sentences are linearly structured, so they are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order. 4. his upon an ide

20、a. idea hit upon John. In the above sentences, the subject and object constituent by the sentences switch their position. Although sentence b is absurd, it is still grammatical, because John and an idea are of the same phrasal category. powerful are rules combinational the number, small a of are the

21、y Though 5.enough to yield all the possible sentences and rule out the impossible ones. 6. In a sentence like Mary likes flowers, both Mary and flowers are not only Nouns, but also Noun Phrases. 7. The recursive property can basically be discussed in a category-based grammar, but not in a word-based

22、 grammar. 8. An XP must contain an X which is called the phrasal head. 9. In the phrase this very tall girl, tall girl is an obligatory element and the head of the phrase. 10. a. The man beat the child. b. The child was beaten by the man. In the above sentences, the movement of the child from its or

23、iginal place to a new place is a WH- movement. 11. Tense and aspect, the two important categories of the verb, nowadays are viewed as separate notions in grammar. 12. The structuralists regard linguistic units as isolated bits in a structure (or system). 13. IC analysis can help us to see the intern

24、al structure of a sentence clearly and it can also distinguish the ambiguity of a sentence. 14. Structural linguists hold that a sentence does only have a linear structure, but it has a hierarchical structure, made up of layers of word groups. 15. In Saussures view, the linguist cannot attempt to ex

25、plain individual signs in a piecemeal fashion. Instead he must try to find the value of a sign from its relation to others, or rather, its position in the system. 16. The theme-rheme order is the usual one in unemotional narration, which is a subjective order. 17. What is new in Halliday is that he

26、has tried to relate the functions of language to its structure. 18. Sentence is a basic unit of structure in functional grammar. 19. The interpersonal function of language refers to the idea held by Halliday that language serves ot establish and maintain social relations. 20. Finite is a function in

27、 the clause as a representation, both the representation of outer experience and inner experience. 21. The relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations. 22. According to Chomsky, grammar is a mechanism that should be able to generate all and onl

28、y the grammatical sentences of a language. 23. In English, the subject of a sentence is said to be the doer of an action, while the object is the person or thing acted upon by the doer. Therefore, the subject is always an agent and the patient is always the object. In English, the object is recogniz

29、ed by tracing its relation to word 24.order and by inflections of pronouns. 25. Classes and functions determine each other, but not in any one-to-one relation. 26. The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number, and there are a limited number of sentences which can be produced. 27. Structura

30、lism views language as both linearly and hierarchically structured. 28. Phrase structure rules provide explanations on how syntactic categories are formed and sentences generated. 29. UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specific gift which exists in the mind of a normal human

31、being. 30. Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb, and they were separated in traditional grammar. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s). 1. As is required by the _, a noun phrase must have case and case is assigned by verb, or preposition to the _ position or by auxiliary to the _ position. 2. Adjacency condition states that a case _