新媒体外文文献翻译译文3700字.docx
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新媒体外文文献翻译译文3700字
文献出处:
JonesRobert,Theoriginanddevelopmentofnewmedia[J].InternationalReviewofBusiness,2014,7
(2):
157-169.
(声明:
本译文归XX文库所有,完整译文请到XX文库。
)
原文
Theoriginanddevelopmentofnewmedia
JonesRobert
Abstract
Theconceptofnewmediaisdistinguishedfromthemassmedia.Newmediaresearchfieldsregardsitasanewresearchfieldwhichisdifferentwiththemassmedia.Academicresearchesonnewmediafollowthepathofmasscommunicationresearchinlaterdevelopmentintheprocessofbecomingthenewforceoforiginalcommunicationresearchparadigmshift.
Keywords:
Newmedia;Masscommunication
1Introduction
Inthecurrentcommunicationfield,theconceptof"newmedia",iswellknown.Theconceptofscientificandnewmediaresearchwouldbeabletoformindependent,academiaoropinionsvary,unabletoagree.Manynewmediaresearchersjustcopingwithnewmediatechnologyemergeinendlessly,andforthescientificnatureofthenewmediaandnewmediaitselfisthelackofattention.
2Howtounderstandnewmedia
In2000,theinternationalacademiaaboutthemainstreamofthenewmediaresearchjournal"newmediaandsocialissueoneyeardiscoverslanguagewrote:
"werecognizethatthenewmediaistheconceptofarelativelyvulnerable,butitpointsoutthefocusontechnology,media,areintertwinedwithsociallifeaffecttheimportanceofthepotentialforchange."Althoughthe"newmedia"isarelativeconcept,butithassomecommonintotheculvert.Forexample,thegovernmentsetwoven(NGO)thisconcept,isliterallyanegativethereisnoclearconcept,referringtotheoriginallyusedbythemedia,butwheneveryonetousethisconcept,ithasspecificconnotation.Atpresent,theunderstandingofthenewmediagenerallytherearetwodifferentperspectives.
2.1Thelongitudinalhistoricalperspective
InMayof2008,theinternationalcommunicationassociationconferencepreludetoheldinMontreal,with"ofthelonghistoryoftheNewmedia:
incontextofcontemporaryandfuturedevelopment"thetopicoftheissueoffivepoints:
(1)thediscussionof"theOldandNewmedia(MediaHistoryOld&New)",andmoreNewmediaandhasalonghistoryofmedia;
(2)"historycompilationandNewmedia(Historiography&New)",toreflectonNewmediaresearchhistory--howweunderstandtheterminologyusedintheNewmedia,weneedtodoourwhatchangesintheexistingideology;(3)"culture,themeaningandCodes(Cultures,Meanings&Codes)",thenewconceptofmediaandculturalimplicationsandtherelationshipbetweentheexcavatedinalargeamounthasnotbeenthehistoryofnewmedia;(4)"system,group,weaveandnetwork(Institutions,Organizations&Networks)",focusonnewmediahistorydevelopinglatentintheinventionanduseofthestructuralfactorsbehindthemedia;(5)"bookswrittenHistoryofnewmedia(DoingNewMediaHistory)",thinkabouthowtowritenewmediaHistory.
Theemphasisonthelongitudinalhistoricalperspective,thereasonhasthefollowingthreepoints:
(1)theconceptof"newmedia"itselfistimeliness,butthemediawithhistoryphasereferenceistheso-called"newmedia".
(2)asa"newmedia"inthefieldofresearchisinthespecifichistoricalcontext,especiallyataparticularstageofmediumdevelopmenthistory,itsconnotationanddenotationofrelativestability.Canbeseenfromtheforeignliterature,70s~80softhe20thcentury,thisconceptisusedtorefertocannotbeincorporatedintonewmediaphenomenonoftraditionalmasscommunicationcategory.Beforethis,newmedia,thereisnoclear,(3)theresearchinvolvestheevolutionofmediaandnewmediarevolutionortheologyandmutation.Onlywithlongitudinalhistoricalperspective,cangraspnewmediaphenomenonanditsimplications.
2.2ThehorizontalAngleofview
Fromtheperspectiveofthehistoryofmediaoflongitudinal,newmediaisrelative,andinaspecifichistoricalperiod,newmediaisaconceptoftime.Withinacertainperiodoftime,theconnotationofthenewmediashouldhavearelativelystable.suchasmoredetailedinstructions,givesadefinitionofnewmediabasedondigitaltechnologyandInternettechnology,newmediaformofnewtechnologiessuchasmobilecommunicationtechnology,hardwareandsoftwareandinformationservicemode,suchasInternetTV,mobileTV,mobileTV,virtualcommunities,blogs,podcasts,searchengines,suchassimplepolymerization(RSS).
Abroadcanberoughlydividedintotwocategories:
thedefinitionofaclassdefinitionfocusesonmediaformandthetechnicalcharacteristicsofthenewmedia.Forexample,BohrdefinesnewcommunicationtechnologiesForthetimeofthe"bigabout25kindsoftransmissionequipmenthereinafterreferredtoas";(RonRice)emphasizestwo-waytransmissionabilityofcomputerandtelecommunicationtechnologies,newmediaisdefinedassuchtransmissiontechnology-"containscomputingpower(orhost)microprocessor,canalloworpromotetheinteractionbetweenusersorbetweentheuserandinformation".
(2)anotherdefinitionisthetechnologyinthestudyoftheinfluenceoftheformationofthe"social",thinkthattheunderstandingofnewmediatotranscendtothemediaattention,intheformoftechnologystudyofmediatechnologyandhumanbehaviorandtheinteractionofsocialstructure.SteveJoneswroteintheintroductiontothenewmediaencyclopedia:
"inthedefinitionofnewmedia,theonlyperfectundoubtedlycomesfromthecomprehensiveunderstandingofhistory,technologyandsociety".Inthenewmediahandbook,aversionofthepreface,theeditorsputforwardaframeworktounderstandnewmedia,thinknewmediameanstransmissiontechnologyanditsrelatedsocialscene,whichincludesthefollowingseveralaspects:
"extendingourtransmissioncapacityequipment;usingthesedevicesforthespreadofactivitiesandpractices;aroundtheaboveequipmentandpracticeformofsocialorganizationandpractice.Todaytheculturalmeaningofthenewmediaalsograduallyattentionbyresearchers,thisframeworkgraduallybecameplumpperfect.Boththeclassdefinitionistheproductofnewmediaresearchindifferentperiods,thetwocomplementeachother.Thefirsttypedefinitiontodescribethetechnicalcharacteristicsofthenewmedia,isbasictoanunderstandingoftherichconnotationofnewmedia,newmediaalsomadeclearaperiodtostudymediaobjects;theseconddefinitionbasedonthis,understandthemediaframeworkisgivenandthegeneraldirection.
Atthesametime,theunderstandingof"newmedia"criticalquestionis:
whereisthenewmedia"new"?
Itisalsoanewmediaresearchersabroadhadawarmdiscussionquestions.BarrandMerryputforwardinthe"newmedia":
"new"referstothemediaforthefirsttimeintheformitself,orthemediashapecausedbythesocial,legal,political,economicandculturalcommunicationofthenewchanges?
This"new"referstotheengineeringandtechnicalpersonnelasthe"new",orordinarypeopletounderstandthe"new"?
"New"referstothenewextensionoftheoriginalmediatransmissionability,orfundamentalchangeorevencompletelyreplace?
"Newmedia"asaconceptconnotationisrichofpolymerization,referredtointhestudyofdiversityandcomplexityofthemakewecannotsimplyanswertheabovequestions,butintheconcreteresearchinevitablyhavetofaceit.
3Newmediaisderived
Asweknow,thenewmediainthe20thcentury,60~70sgraduallyhasitsrelativelyfixedreferredto.Here,wewillbeintheoriginofthedevelopmentofnewmediainthemediatoexamineitsspecifichistoricalconnotation.Thelonghistoryofhumanmediaisfullofevolutionandrevolutionofalternating,likealongriverslowlyhasrapids.Ourageisamediumofchange.Inthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyasastartingpointtocombthroughthemediumofchangeisarelativelyreasonablechoice.
Inthehistoryofhumancommunication,shouldoccupytheimportantpositioninthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,thetelegraph,telephone,thephonograph,themotionandotherimportantcommunicationtechnologies.In1836,MorsedevelopedthefamousMorsecode,andthenextyeartodeveloptheworld'sfirsttransferof"dot"and"stroke"symbolmachine,named"telegraph".Theinventionofthetelegraphisfirstappliedinelectricpowerremotecommunication,constitutethecornerstoneofmoderncommunication,sincethen,therapiddevelopmentof"transmissionlinelightning",formedthehugecommunicationsnetwork.Sincethattime,almostoneandahalfcenturies"every25yearsisanimportantstage",suchascableofaround1850,1850and1880ofthetelephone,thetransmissionofelectromagneticwavesaround1900,1920and1930,theradiobroadcastingandtelevisionfrom1950to1960,thelastisstartinginthe70softhenewmedia.70s~80s,thefirstiscalledthenewmedia,cabletelevision,communications,videorecorders,selectivesatellitereceivingequipmentandbuddingcomputerintermediaryspread,etc.Communicationscholarsnoticedthatthesecannotbeincorporatedintomasscommunicationstudiedwithintheframeworkofthemedia.Thecommunicationequipmentanditsspreadphenomenonshowsitscharacteristicsdifferentfromthetraditionalmassmedia,suchasdifferentfromthefocusofthelinearone-waytransmission,interactivity,etc.Wewanttocomputerintermediaryspread,forexample,thecomputerintermediaryspreadthanothernewmediainteractivestrongeratthattime,andiscloselyrelatedtotoday'snewmediaforms.Earlycauseisthemainfocusoftheresearchinstitutions(suchasuniversityofrichsetofaggregationconcept,referredtointhestudyofdiversityandcomplexityofthemakewecannotsimplyanswertheabovequestions,butinspecificstudiesinevit