新G OG阅读套题抽取.docx

新G OG阅读套题抽取.docx

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新GOG阅读套题抽取

使用说明

内容为新GRE（GRErevised）OG中的阅读的套题练习，参照阅读2772设置，答案被隐藏。

显示的方法是鼠标左键单击“常用”工具栏“显示/隐藏编辑标记”按钮（只有WORD才有此按钮，写字板没有）。

再次单击又被隐藏。

见下图：

SECTION3

VerbalReasoning

Time—35minutes

25Questions

ForeachofQuestions1to4,selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwiseinstructed.

Questions1to3arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

WhetherthelanguagesoftheancientAmericanpeopleswereusedforexpressingabstractuniversalconceptscanbeclearlyansweredinthecaseofNahuatl.Nahuatl,likeGreekandGerman,isalanguagethatallowstheformationofextensivecom-pounds.Bythecombinationofradicalsorsemanticelements,singlecompoundwordscanexpresscomplexconceptualrelations,oftenofanabstractuniversalcharacter.

Thetlamatinime（thosewhoknow）wereabletousethisrichstockofabstracttermstoexpressthenuancesoftheirthought.Theyalsoavailedthemselvesofotherformsofexpressionwithmetaphoricalmeaning,someprobablyoriginal,somederivedfromTolteccoinages.Oftheseforms,themostcharacteristicinNahuatlisthejuxtapositionoftwowordsthat,becausetheyaresynonyms,associatedterms,orevencontraries,complementeachothertoevokeonesingleidea.Usedmetaphorically,thejuxtaposedtermsconnotespecificoressentialtraitsofthebeingtheyreferto,introducingamodeofpoetryasanalmosthabitualformofexpression.

Description

ThispassageclaimsthatNahuatlwasusedtoexpressabstractuniversalconcepts,bycombiningsemanticelements,andgoesontoexplainthatthetlamatinimeusedthesetermstoexpresssubtledistinctions

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

1.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageregardingpresent-dayresearchrelatingtoNahuatl?

ASomerecordorevidenceofthethoughtofthetlamatinimeisavailable.?

BForatleastsomeNahuatlexpressions,researchersareabletotracetheir

derivationfromanotherancientAmericanlanguage.

CResearchersbelievethatinNahuatl,abstractuniversalconceptsare

alwaysexpressedmetaphorically.

Explanation

ChoicesAandBarecorrect.

ChoiceAiscorrect:

thetlamatinimearementionedinthefirstsentenceofthesec-ondparagraph,whereitsaystheywereabletouseNahuatl’sstockofabstractterms“toexpressthenuancesoftheirthought.”Thissuggeststhatthereissomeevidenceofwhatthosethoughtswere,andthereforeChoiceAcanbeinferred.

ChoiceBiscorrect:

accordingtothenextsentence,Nahuatlspeakersused“formsofexpressionwithmetaphoricalmeaning,”someofwhichwereprobably“original”andothers“derivedfromTolteccoinages.”ThatresearchersknowcertainNahuatlexpressionsarederivedfromToltecsuggeststhattheyareabletotracethederivationofsomeNahuatlexpressionsfromanotherlanguagebesidesNahuatl,andthereforeChoiceBmaybeinferred.

ChoiceCisincorrect:

thepassagesaysthatinNahuatltherearesinglecompoundwordsthatcanexpressconceptualrelationsofan“abstractuniversalcharacter”andmentions“otherformsofexpressionwithmetaphoricalmeaning,”butitdoesnotindi-catewhethermetaphoricalwordsorphrasesaretheonlywaythatabstractuniversalconceptsareexpressedinNahuatl,orwhetherresearchersbelievethisaboutNahuatl.ThereforeChoiceCcannotbeinferred.

2.SelectthesentenceinthepassageinwhichtheauthorintroducesaspecificNahuatlmodeofexpressionthatisnotidentifiedasbeingsharedwithcertainEuropeanlanguages.

Explanation

ThepassageintroducestwospecificNahuatlmodesofexpression.Oneistheformationofsinglecompoundwordsthatarecapableofexpressingcomplexconceptualrelations（firstparagraph）;theotheristhejuxtapositionoftworelatedwordstoevokeasingleidea（secondparagraph）.IntheformationofcompoundsNahuatlisdescribedasbeing“likeGreekandGerman,”butthesecondmodeisnotidentifiedasbeingsharedwithotherlanguages.Thereforethesixthsentence（“Oftheseforms...onesingleidea”）isthebestchoice.

3.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“coinages”（line9）mostnearlymeans

Aadaptations

Bcreations

Cidiosyncrasies

Dpronunciations

Ecurrencies

Explanation

“Coinage”hastwosensesthatarerepresentedamongtheanswerchoices:

inonesenseitdenotescoinsandcurrency,whileintheotheritdenotesthings—especiallywords—thatareinvented.ThefifthsentencedrawsacontrastbetweenlinguisticexpressionsoriginaltoNahuatlandthosederivedfromToltec.Inthiscontextoforiginalversusderivedlanguage,“coinages”means“inventions,”not“currencies.”Oftheanswerchoicesgiven,“creations”isthenearestequivalentof“coinages”inthesenseof“inventions,”andthereforeChoiceBisthebestanswer.

Question4isbasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

AtacertainperiodinEarth’shistory,itsatmospherecontainedalmostnooxygen,althoughplantswereproducingvastquantitiesofoxygen.Asawayofreconcilingthesetwofacts,scientistshavehypothesizedthatnearlyalloftheoxygenbeingproducedwastakenupbyirononEarth’ssurface.Clearly,however,thisexplanationisinadequate.NewstudiesshowthattheamountofirononEarth’ssurfacewasnotsufficienttoabsorbanywherenearasmuchoxygenaswasbeingproduced.Therefore,somethinginadditiontotheirononEarth’ssurfacemusthaveabsorbedmuchoftheoxygenproducedbyplantlife.

4.Intheargumentgiven,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?

AThefirstisaclaimmadebytheargumentinsupportofacertainposition;

thesecondisthatposition.

BThefirstisajudgmentmadebytheargumentaboutacertainexplanation;

thesecondisthatexplanation.

CThefirstexpressestheargument’sdismissalofanobjectiontothepositionitseekstoestablish;thesecondisthatposition.

DThefirstsumsuptheargument’spositionwithregardtoacertainhypothesis;thesecondprovidesgroundsforthatposition.

EThefirstisaconcessionbytheargumentthatitsinitialformulationofthepositionitseekstoestablishrequiresmodification;thesecondpresents

thatpositioninamodifiedform.

Explanation

Thepassagepresentsanargumentandthequestionasksyoutoidentifytheroletheportionshighlightedinboldfaceplayinthatargument.Thefirststepinrespondingistoreadthroughthepassagequicklytogetanunderstandingofwhatisbeingsaid.Thenitispossibletogobackandassesshowthepartsofthepassagefittogetherintoanargument.

Inthispassagethefirstsentencepresentstwopiecesofinformationthatseemtobeinconflict—theatmospherecontainedalmostnooxygeneventhoughplantswerepro-ducingsomuchofit.Thesecondsentencepresentsahypotheticalexplanationthathasbeenproposedforreconcilingthediscrepancy—thatoxygenwasabsorbedbyiron.Thenextsentencecallsthishypotheticalexplanationinadequateandthefollowingsen-tencegivesareasonforthatjudgment—thattherewasinsufficientironforthepro-posedexplanationtowork.Finally,thelastsentencedrawstheconclusionthattheremusthavebeensomethinginadditiontoirontoabsorbtheoxygen.

Sincethehighlightedportionsinthepassagerepresentthemaincontentofthethirdandfourthsentences,thetaskinthisquestionistofindtheanswerchoicewhosetwopartsfitthosesentences’roles.ItcanbeseenthatanswerChoiceDfitstherequire-ment:

thethirdsentencedoessumuptheargument’spositionaboutahypothesis,andthefourthsentence

Animalsignals,suchasthecomplexsongsofbirds,tendtobecostly.Abird,bysinging,mayforfeittimethatcouldotherwisebespentonotherimportantbehaviorssuchasforagingorresting.Singingmayalsoadvertiseanindividual’slocationtorivalsorpred-atorsandimpairtheabilitytodetecttheirapproach.Althoughthesetypesofcostmaybeimportant,discussionsofthecostofsinginghavegenerallyfocusedonenergycosts.Overalltheevidenceisequivocal:

forinstance,whileEberhardtfoundincreasesinenergyconsumptionduringsingingforCarolinawrens,Chappellfoundnoeffectofcrowingonenergyconsumptioninroosters.

Toobtainempiricaldataregardingtheenergycostsofsinging,Thomasexaminedtherelationshipbetweensongrateandovernightchangesinbodymassofmalenightingales.Birdsstoreenergyassubcutaneousfatdepositsor“bodyreserves”;changesinthesereservescanbereliablyestimatedbymeasuringchangesinbodymass.Ifsinginghasimportantenergycosts,nightingalesshouldlosemorebodymassonnightswhentheirsongrateishigh.Thomasfoundthatnightingalesreachedasignificantlyhigherbodymassatduskandlostmoremassovernightonnightswhentheirsongratewashigh.

Theseresultssuggestthattheremaybeseveralcostsofsingingatnightassociatedwithbodyreserves.Theincreasedmetaboliccostofpossessinghigherbodymasscontributestotheincreasedovernightmassloss.Thestrategicregulationofeveningbodyreservesisalsolikelytoincuradditionalcosts,asnightingalesmustspendmoretimeforaginginordertobuilduplargerbodyreserves.Themetaboliccostofsingingitselfmayalsocontributetoincreasedlossofreserves.Thismetaboliccostmayarisefromthemuscularandneuralactivityinvolvedinsingingorfrombehaviorsassociatedwithsinging.Forexample,birdsmayexpendmoreoftheirreservesonthermoregulationiftheyspendthenightexposedtothewindonasongpostthaniftheyareinashelteredroostsite.Thomas’sdatathereforeshowthatwhetherornotsingingpersehasanimportantmetaboliccost,metaboliccostsassociatedwithsingingcanhaveanimpor-tantmeasurableeffectonabird’sdailyenergybudg