大学英语阅读精选25篇.docx
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大学英语阅读精选25篇
Passage1
NoonepriortoWorldWar
moretrenchantlyanalyzedthephilosophicaldifferencesbetweenutopiansandrealiststhandidE.H.Carrinhiscelebratedwork,which,althoughpublishedin1939,didnothaveitsimpactinAmericauntilafterWorldWar
.Carrusedthetermutopiansforidealistswhoplacedemphasisoninternationallawandorganizationandontheinfluenceofmoralityandpublicopinionintheaffairsofnations.HeprobablydidnotintendthemorepejorativeconnotationthatattachedtothetermutopiansafterWorldWar
asnaïveopponentsofpowerpoliticsexpoundedbyrealists.Indeed,sincetheendoftheColdWar,theidealistconceptoftheharmonyofnationalinterestsinpeacehasreceivednewattentioninamorerecentneoliberal-neorealistdebate.
ThefailuresoftheLeagueofNationsinthe1930scastdoubtontheharmonyofinterestinpeace,whichappearedtoaccordwiththeinterestsofsatisfied,status-quopowerswithdemocraticgovernments,butnotwiththeperceivedneedsofrevisionists,totalitarians,authoritarianstatesseekingboundarychanges,enhancedstatus,greaterpower,and,especiallyinthecaseofNaziGermany,revengeforthehumiliationofthepost-WorldWar
settlementimposedbytheVersaillestreaty.Contrarytotheutopianassumption,nationalself-determinationdidnotalwaysproducerepresentativegovernments.Instead,theoverthrowoftheoldmonarchicalordergaveriseinmanyplaces,includingRussia,toamorepervasiveandoppressivetotalitarianstates.TheMolotov-RibbentropPactofAugust1939betweentheSovietUnionandNaziGermanysetthestageforAdolphHitler’sinvasionofPoland,theoutbreakofWorldWar
thepartitionofPoland,andtheabsorptionofBalticstatesintotheSovietUnion,allinflagrantcontraventionofthestandardsofinternationalconductsetforthinutopiantheory.
1.Whotookastronganalysisofthephilosophicaldifferencesbetweenutopiansandrealists?
A.AdolphHitlerdid
B.E.H.Carrdid
C.Neorealistdid
D.Molotovdid
2.WhatdidutopianmeaninCarr’sopinion?
A.Idealistswhoplacedemphasisoninternationallawandorganizationandontheinfluenceofmoralityandpublicopinionintheaffairsofnations.
B.Naïveopponentsofpowerpolitics.
C.Status-quopowers
D.Revisionists.
3.Whatistheconsequenceofnationalself-determination?
A.Producingrepresentativegovernments.
B.Givingrisetoamorepervasiveandoppressivetotalitarianstates.
C.BothAandB
D.SometimesA,sometimesB.
4.WhatwastheinfluenceoftheMolotov-RibbentropPactofAugust1939?
A.tosetthestageforAdolphHitler’sinvasionofPoland
B.leadingtotheoutbreakofWorldWar
C.acauseofthepartitionofPoland
D.allofA,BandC
5.Whichonecanserveasthetitleofthispassage?
A.Post-WorldWar
Realism
B.Post-WorldWar
Utopians
C.E.H.CarrandtheCrisisofWorldPolitics
D.TheInfluenceofVersaillesTreaty
passage2
Beyondmarkingtheseasons,thechiefintereststhatactuatedtheBabylonianastronomerinhisobservationswereastrological.AfterquotingDiodorustotheeffectthattheBabylonianpriestsobservedthepositionofcertainstarsinordertocasthoroscopes,ThompsontellsusthatfromaveryearlydaytheverynameChaldeanbecamesynonymouswithmagician.Headdsthat"fromMesopotamia,bywayofGreeceandRome,acertainamountofBabylonianastrologymadeitswayamongthenationsofthewest,anditisquiteprobablethatmanysuperstitionswhichwecommonlyrecordasthepeculiarproductofwesterncivilizationtooktheiroriginfromthoseoftheearlydwellersonthealluviallandsofMesopotamia.OneAssurbanipal,kingofAssyriaB.C.668-626,addedtotheroyallibraryatNinevehhiscontributionoftablets,whichincludedmanyseriesofdocumentswhichrelatedexclusivelytotheastrologyoftheancientBabylonians,whointurnhadborroweditwithmodificationsfromtheSumerianinvadersofthecountry.Amongthesemustbementionedtheserieswhichwascommonlycalled'theDayofBel,'andwhichwasdecreedbythelearnedtohavebeenwritteninthetimeofthegreatSargonI.,kingofAgade,3800B.C.Withsuchancientworksasthesetoguidethem,theprofessionofdeducingomensfromdailyeventsreachedsuchapitchofimportanceinthelastAssyrianEmpirethatasystemofmakingperiodicalreportscameintobeing.Bythesethekingwasinformedofalltheoccurrencesintheheavensandonearth,andtheresultsofastrologicalstudiesinrespecttoafterevents.Theheadsoftheastrologicalprofessionweremenofhighrankandposition,andtheirofficewashereditary.ThevarietyofinformationcontainedinthesereportsisbestgatheredfromthefactthattheyweresentfromcitiesasfarremovedfromeachotherasAssurinthenorthandErechinthesouth,anditcanonlybeassumedthattheyweredespatchedbyrunners,ormenmountedonswifthorses.AsreportsalsocamefromDilbat,Kutba,Nippur,andBursippa,allcitiesofancientfoundation,thekingwasprobablywellacquaintedwiththegeneralcourseofeventsinhisempire."
1.WhatactuatedtheBabylonianastronomer?
A.Markingtheseasons
B.Astrology
C.BothAandB
D.NeitherofAandB
2.Where,accordingtoThompson,didmanysuperstitionsofwesterncivilizationoriginatefrom?
A.Nineveh
B.Babylonia
C.Assur
D.Erech
3.Howwasthesocialstatusofanastrologeratthattime?
A.Ofhighsocialstatus
B.Ofmiddlesocialstatus
C.Oflowsocialstatus
D.Itwasn’tmentionedinthepassage.
4.Howwasthekingacquaintedwiththegeneralcourseofeventsinhisempire?
A.Byperiodicalreportsofastrologyfromthecitiesoftheempire.
B.Byscientificreportsfromspecialists.
C.Byrumors
D.Bymakingatourindisguise
5.Whatdoestheauthormainlytalkaboutinthispassage?
A.astronomy
B.physics
C.meteorology
D.astrology
passage3
MrMalthusverycorrectlydefines,"therentoflandtobethatportionofthevalueofthewholeproducewhichremainstotheowner,afteralltheoutgoingsbelongingtoitscultivation,of
whateverkind,havebeenpaid,includingtheprofitsofthecapitalemployed,estimatedaccordingtotheusualandordinaryrateoftheprofitsofagriculturalstockatthetimebeing."
Whenever,then,theusualandordinaryrateoftheprofitsofagriculturalstock,andalltheoutgoingsbelongingtothecultivationofland,aretogetherequaltothevalueofthewholeproduce,therecanbenorent.
Andwhenthewholeproduceisonlyequalinvaluetotheoutgoingsnecessarytocultivation,therecanneitherberentnorprofit.
Inthefirstsettlingofacountryrichinfertileland,andwhichmaybehadbyanyonewhochoosestotakeit,thewholeproduce,afterdeductingtheoutgoingsbelongingtocultivation,willbetheprofitsofcapital,andwillbelongtotheownerofsuchcapital,withoutanydeductionwhateverforrent.
Thus,ifthecapitalemployedbyanindividualonsuchlandwereofthevalueoftwohundredquartersofwheat,ofwhichhalfconsistedoffixedcapital,suchasbuildings,implements,&c.andtheotherhalfofcirculatingcapital,--if,afterreplacingthefixedandcirculatingcapital,thevalueoftheremainingproducewereonehundredquartersofwheat,orofequalvaluewithonehundredquartersofwheat,theneatprofittotheownerofcapitalwouldbefiftypercentoronehundredprofitontwohundredcapital.
Foraperiodofsomeduration,theprofitsofagriculturalstockmightcontinueatthesamerate,becauselandequallyfertile,andequallywellsituated,mightbeabundant,andtherefore,mightbecultivatedonthesameadvantageousterms,inproportionasthecapitalofthefirst,andsubsequentsettlersaugmented.
1.InMrMalthus’opinion,therentoflandandprofitsofthecapitalemployedincultivation__________________?
A.havenotbeenpaid.
B.havebeenpaid.
C.havebeenpartiallypaid
D.oughttobepaid.
2.What,accordingtoMrMalthus,isthecorrelationbetweenthefourparties:
rentofland,outgoingsnecessarytocultivation,profitofcapitalandvalueofthewholeproduce
A.outgoingsnecessarytocultivation=rentofland+profitofcapital+valueofthewholeproduce
B.profitofcapital=valueofthewholeproduce–rentofland–outgoingsnecessarytocultivation
C.valueofthewholeproduce=landoftherent+outgoingsnecessarytocultivation–profitofcapital
D.profitofcapital=valueofthewholeproduce+rentofland–outgoingsnecessarytocultivation
3.Whendoesacultivatorhavenoprofitunderthefollowingcircumstances?
A.Theusualandordinaryrateoftheprofitsofagriculturalstockistogetherequaltothevalueofthewholeproduce.
B.Thewholeproduceisonlyequalinvaluetotheoutgoingsnecessarytocultivation.
C.Acultivatortakesfirstsettlingofacountryrichinfertileland
D.Thelandisnotfree.
4.Inthefifthparagraph,if,afterreplacingthefixedandcirculatingcapital,thevalueoftheremainingproducewerefiftyquartersofwheat,theneatprofittotheownerofcapitalwouldbe___?
A.50%
B.100%
C.75%
D.25%
5.Theauthorbelievestheprofitsofagriculturalstockare____?
A.unsustainable
B.sustainable
C.sometimessustainable
D.dependingontheweather
passage4
Whilethelaborerisconfinedtothecultureofthesoilonhisown-account,becauseitisinthatmanneralonethathecanobtainaccesstothewagesonwhichheistosubsist,theformandamountoftheRentshepaysaredeterminedbyadirectcontractbetweenhimselfandtheproprietor.Theprovisionsofthesecontractsareinfluencedsometimesbythelaws,andalmostalwaysbythelongestablishedusages,ofthecountriesinwhichtheyaremade.Themainobjectinallis,tosecurearevenuetotheproprietorswiththeleastpracticable