语言学总结 2.docx
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语言学总结2
第1章语言学导论
常考的定义
1、语言的定义:
a.humanspeech
b.theabilitytocommunicatebyhumanspeech
c.asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed,usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelings
d.thewrittenrepresentationofsuchasystem
2、Designfeatures(定义):
thefeaturethatdefineourlanguagecanbecalleddesignfeature.
3、语言的区别性特征(Designfeatures)
Arbitrariness(任意性):
Arbitrarinessmeansthattheformsoflinguisticsingsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.例子,在课本第4页
Duality(多重性):
参考书第21页
Creativity(创造性):
languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.
Displacement(移位性):
参考书第21页
4、语言的功能
Informative(informationalideationalreferential)信息功能:
conveymessageandinformation
Interpersonal(人际功能)例子:
称呼(dearsir、Jonny)能够表明人的身份和立场,口音,方言Forexample,
thechantingofacrowdatafootballmatch,
theshoutingofnamesorslogansatpublicmeetings,
thestage-managedaudiencereactionstoTVgameshows
Theyallsignalwhoweareandwherewebelong.
Languagemarksouridentity,physicallyintermsofage,sex,andvoiceprints;
Performative(施为功能):
说话就是做事,可改变状态。
(抱怨、请求、禁止)都是施为功能。
常见的例子:
结婚仪式、对囚徒的宣判、婴儿的洗礼、船只初次下水前的命名以及对敌人的诅咒。
Forexample,Inowdeclarethemeetingopen.
Ibetyoutwopoundsitwillraintomorrow.
Emotive(情感功能):
toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions.能够左右听众的情绪。
常见的例子:
诅咒,说脏话,对艺术或美景发出的不自觉的感叹。
God,My,Damnit,Whatasight,Wow,Oh.!
!
!
!
Phatic(寒暄功能):
referstothesocialinteraction例子:
“早上好”,“上帝保佑你”,“天气不错”。
俚语、笑话、行语、礼节性相互问候。
Recreation(娱乐功能):
例子:
婴儿的牙牙学语、赞美诗者的吟唱,对歌
Metalingual(元语言功能)用语言描述语言
Interrogative(疑问功能):
带有?
的句子
4、Linguistics(言语)
Thescientificstudyofhumanlanguage
Linguisticsisarichandexcitingfield.
Itisanareawithimmenseresearchpotentialandascholarly“industry”.
Linguisticsnowhasasetofestablishedtheories,methodsandsub-branches.
5、语言学的主要分类
①phonetics(语音学):
Phoneticsstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech,etc.
②phonology(音系学):
Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.
Phoneme(音位):
phonemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitofsoundthatsignaladifferenceinmeaning).
③morphology(形态学):
Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning-----morphemesandword--formationprocesses).
④syntax(句法学):
syntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectsentences.
⑤Semantics(语义学)examineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.
Itisnotonlyconcernedwithmeaningsofwordsaslexicalitems,butalsowithlevelsoflanguagebelowthewordandaboveit,e.g.meaningofmorphemesandsentences.
semanticcomponents
denotationofwords
senserelationsbetweenwordssuchasantonymyandsynonymy
senserelationsbetweensentencessuchasentailmentandpresuppositionandothers.
⑥Pragmatics(语用学)isthestudyofmeaningincontext.Itdealswithparticularutterancesinparticularsituationsandisespeciallyconcernedwiththevariouswaysinwhichthemanysocialcontextsoflanguageperformancecaninfluenceinterpretation.
Inotherwords,pragmaticsisconcernedwiththewaylanguageisusedtocommunicateratherthanwiththewaylanguageisinternallystructured.
⑦psycholinguistics(心理语言学)⑧sociolinguistics(社会语言学)⑨anthropological(人类语言学)-------宏观语言学
语言学的一些重要区分
1、描写与规定(descriptivevs.Prescriptive)
Don’tsayX.(不要说X)-------prescriptive规定性
PeopledonotsayX.(人们不说X)-------descriptive描写
2、共时与历时(synchronicvs.diachronic)参考书第19页
共时描写(synchronicdescription)把某一固定时间作为它的观察点。
例子:
《现代希腊语语法》《莎士比亚英语结构》
历时描写(diachronicdescription)研究语言的历史变化。
例子:
TwocenturiesofCommentontheMother-Tongue.
3、语言与言语(languevs.Parole)
Saussure(索绪尔)区分了langueandparole.
Chomsky(乔姆斯基)区分了语言能力(competence)和语言运用(performance)
Languereferstothelinguisticscompetenceofthespeaker
Parolereferstotheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics.
Competence(语言能力)referstotheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thismeansaperson'sabilitytocreateandunderstandsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.Italsoincludesaperson'sknowledgeofwhataresentencesofaparticularlanguage.Chomskymadeadistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance,whichistheactualuseofthelanguagebyindividualsinspeechandwriting.
Performance(语言运用)referstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.
注意:
习题看老师ppt后的课题,以及参考书的题。
第2章语音speechsound
1、常见的定义解释
1、phonetics(语音学):
studieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.
2、Voiceless(清音):
whenthevocalfoldsareapart,theaircanpassthrougheasilyandthesoundproducedissaidtobevoiceless.
3、Voiced(浊音):
whenthevocalfoldsareclosetogether,theairstreamcausesthemtovibrateagainsteachotherandtheresultantsoundissaidtobevoiced.
二、语音研究的方向
发音语言学(ArticulatoryPhonetics)isthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.
声学语音学(AcousticPhonetics)isthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.
听觉语音学(PerceptualorAuditoryPhonetics)isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.
三、国际音标
1、1897年国际语音协会(Internationalphoneticsassociation)建立
2、1888年第一版国际音标问世,2005最新版。
Thelatestversionwasrevisedin1993andupdatedtwicein1996and2005。
四、Consonants(辅音)和Vowel(元音)
1、定义:
Consonantsareproducedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.
Vowelisproducedwithoutobstructionoftheairsothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthornose.
1、区别:
Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.
2、Consonants参考书第32页
①Intheproductionofconsonantsatleasttwoarticulatorsareinvolved.
②辅音的分类:
发音部位(placeofarticulation)Theplaceofarticulationreferstothepointwhereaconsonantismade.
Bilabial(双唇音):
pbmwLabiodental(唇齿音):
fvDental(齿音):
θδ
Alveolar(齿龈音):
dtnlsz
Postalveolar(后齿龈音):
∫зt∫dз
Palatal(腭音):
英语中只有一个腭音:
j
Velar(软腭音):
kgŋx
Glottal(声门音):
h
发音方式(mannerofarticulation)Themannerofarticulationreferstothewaysinwhicharticulationcanbeaccomplished.
Stop(plosive)(塞音,爆破音):
[p,b,t,d,k,g]Fricative(擦音):
[f,v,θ,δ,s,z,∫,з,h]
Approximant(通音):
[w,r,j]Nasal(鼻音):
[mnŋ]
Lateral(边音):
[l]affricative(塞檫音):
[dЗt∫]
清辅音:
/p/、/t/、/k/、/f/、/θ/、/s/、/W/、/t∫/、/ts/、/tr/,再加上/r/、/h/,合计12个。
浊辅音:
/b/、/d/、/g/、/v/、/ð/、/z/、/T/、/dv/、/dz/、/dr/再加上/m/、/n/、/N/、/l/、/j/、/w/合计16个。
3、Vowel
Vowelglides(元音音渡):
Vowelswherethereisanaudiblechangeofquality
①Diphthong(双元音):
asinglemovementoftongue
②Triphthong(三元音):
adoublemovementoftongue
③元音的分类
1)theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low)
2)thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back)
3)thelengthortensenessofthevowel(tensevs.laxorlongvs.short)
4)lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded)
/i:
/high
front
tense
unrounded
/ɪ/high
front
lax
unrounded
/e/middle
front
lax
unrounded
/æ/low
front
lax
unrounded
/ɜ:
/middle
central
tense
unrounded
/ə/middle
central
lax
unrounded
/ʌ/low
central
lax
unrounded
/U:
/high
back
tense
rounded
/ʊ/high
back
lax
rounded
/ɔ:
/middle
back
tense
rounded
/ɒ/low
back
lax
rounded
/ɑ:
/low
back
tense
unrounded
4、音系学(phonology)参考书第39页
Phonology:
phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.
Phonologyisnotspecificallyconcernedwiththephysicalpropertiesofthespeechproductionsystem.Phoneticiansareconcernedwithhowsoundsdifferinthewaytheyarepronouncedwhilephonologistsareinterestedinthepatterningofsuchsoundsandtherulesthatunderliesuchvariations.
1、speech(语言):
Speechisacontinuousprocess,sothevocalorgansdonotmovefromonesoundsegmenttothenextinaseriesofseparatesteps.Rather,soundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.
2、Coarticulation(协同发音):
Speechisacontinuousprocess,sothevocalorgansdonotmovefromonesoundsegmenttothenextinaseriesofseparatesteps.Rather,soundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.Whensuchsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved,wecalltheprocesscoarticulation.
3、Anticipatorycoarticolation(逆协同发音):
前面的字母受后面字母的影响Ifthesoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound(lamb),itisknownasanticipatorycoarticulation.
例子:
lambcan(字母a收到mn的影响)
4、Perseverativecoarticulation(重复性协同发音)后协同发音:
Ifthesounddisplaystheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound(map),itisperseverativecoarticulation.
例子:
mapspeak
5、Broadtranscription(宽式音标)Whenweuseasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranscription,itiscalledabroadtranscription.
narrowtranscription(窄式音标)Theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasanarrowtranscription.
5、标音
1、Phoneme音位(音位学单位):
thesmallestunitofsoundinthelanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.
2、Phone音素(语音学单位):
individualsoundsastheyoccurinspeech.Aphoneisaphoneticunit.
3、Allophone:
音位变体anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme[p,ph]aretwoallophonesofthesamephonemesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.(互补分布)例/α/音位有三个变体:
(1)/a/
(2)/α/(3)/A/
[p,ph]aretwodifferentphonesandarevariantsofthephoneme/p/.Suchvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthesamephoneme.Inthiscasetheallophonesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistributionbecausetheyneveroccurinthesamecontext.
4、Phone和phoneme的区别
①phone是语音学的最小单位,phonemes是音位学的最小单位
②phone音素------语言的自然属性-----可描述所有的语言用[]标音
Phoneme音位----语言的社会属性-----只能是某种语言的音位用//标音
③phone是具体的phoneme抽象的
④出现在speech中的是音素phone
Phoneme音位相当于数学中的集合
Phone音素相当于数学中的元素
5、Minimalpair:
(最小对立体):
Pho