高考整理 八年英语真题分类专项训练试题第一部分阅读理解专题2 科普研究类附答案.docx

高考整理 八年英语真题分类专项训练试题第一部分阅读理解专题2 科普研究类附答案.docx

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高考整理八年英语真题分类专项训练试题第一部分阅读理解专题2科普研究类附答案

第一部分阅读理解

考点2科普研究类

1．（2017新课标Ⅰ）

Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill（蒸馏器）isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable．DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU．S．DepartmentofAgriculture,it’sanexcellentwatercollector．Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit’sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes．Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area

sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perhapsjustadrinkingcup—tocatchthewater．Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt．

Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep．Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher’sproductivity．Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole．Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup—andout—thesideofthehole．

Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet’scenterdownwitharock．Theplasticshouldnowformacone（圆锥体）with45-degree-angledsides．Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup．

Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic．Groundwaterevaporates（蒸发）andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup．Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon’thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink．

32．Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?

A．It’sdelicate．B．It’sexpensive．C．It’scomplex．D．It’sportable．

33．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher”inparagraph2referto?

A．Thetube．B．Thestill．C．Thehole．D．Thecup．

34．What’sthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?

A．Digaholeofacertainsize．B．Putthecupinplace．

C．Weightthesheet’scenterdown．D．Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet．

35．Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupform．

A．theplastictubeB．outsidethehole

C．theopenairD．beneaththesheet

2．（2017新课标Ⅱ）

Whenaleafyplantisunderattack¸itdoesn’tsitquietly．Backin1983¸twoscientists¸jackSchultzandIanBaldwin¸reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget．Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm．Whattheplantspumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds¸VOCsforshort．

ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked．It’saplant’swayofcryingout．Butisanyonelistening?

Apparently．Becausewecanwatchtheneighborsreact．

Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway．Butothersdodoubleduty．Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers．Oncetheyarrive¸thetablesareturned．Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch．

Instudyafterstudy¸itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors．Thedamageisusuallymoreseriousonthefirstplant¸buttheneighbors¸relativelyspeaking¸staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmandknewwhattodo．

Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?

Scientistsdon’tknow．Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches¸andso¸ineffect¸wastalkingtoitself．Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto“overhear”thecry．Soinformationwasexchanged¸butitwasn’tatrue¸intentionalbackandforth．

CharlesDarwin¸over150yearsago¸imaginedaworldfarbusier¸noisierandmoreintimate（亲密的）thantheworldwecanseeandhear．Oursensesareweak．There’sawholelotgoingon．

32．Whatdoesaplantdowhenitisunderattack?

A．Itmakesnoises．B．Itgetshelpfromotherplants．

C．ItstandsquietlyD．Itsendsoutcertainchemicals．

33．Whatdoestheauthormeanby“thetablesareturned”inparagraph3?

A．Theattackersgetattacked．

B．Theinsectsgatherunderthetable．

C．Theplantsgetreadytofightback．

D．Theperfumesattractnaturalenemies．

34．Scientistsfindfromtheirstudiesthatplantscan．

A．predictnaturaldisastersB．protectthemselvesagainstinsects

C．talktooneanotherintentionallyD．helptheirneighborswhennecessary

35．whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A．Thewordischangingfasterthanever．

B．Peoplehavestrongersensesthanbefore

C．Theworldismorecomplexthanitseems

D．PeopleinDarwin’stimeweremoreimaginative．

3．（2017新课标Ⅲ）

TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare．

Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell-beingamongolderpeople,leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated（隔绝）andinactive．

LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-vehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife．

Theseincludecustom-madenavigation（导航）tools,nightvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations．PhilBlytheexplains：

“Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneorinthecountry,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers．”

“Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills．Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbeforetheyreallyneedto．”

DrAmyGuo¸theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explains,“TheDriveLABishelpingustounderstandwhatthekeypointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems．

“Forexample,mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined．We’relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthat．

“Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions（解决方案）toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehindthewheel．”

32．WhatisthepurposeoftheDrivelAB?

A．Toexplorenewmeansoftransport．

B．Todesignnewtypesofcars．

C．Tofindoutolderdriver`sproblems．

D．Toteachpeopletrafficrules．

33．WhyisdrivingimportantforolderpeopleaccordingtoPhilBlythe?

A．Itkeepsthemindependent．

B．Ithelpsthemsavetime．

C．Itbuildsuptheirstrength．

D．Itcurestheirmentalillnesses．

34．Whatdoresearchershopetodoforolderdrivers?

A．Improvetheirdrivingskills．

B．Developdriver-assisttechnologies．

C．Providetipsonrepairingtheircars．

D．Organizeregularphysicalcheckups．

35．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A．AnewModelElectricCar

B．ASolutiontoTrafficProblem

C．DrivingServiceforelders

D．KeepingOlderDriversontheRoad

4．（2017北京）

Hollywood’stheorythatmachineswithevil（邪恶）mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly．Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence（AI）maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant．In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener¸whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制论）¸putitthisway：

“Ifweuse¸toachieveourpurposes¸amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere（干预）¸wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire．”

Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality¸onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings：

awishtopreserveitsownexistence．Forthemachine¸thisqualityisnotin-born¸norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead．Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee¸itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask．Ifwearenotcareful¸then¸wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined¸superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown¸withtherealworldasthechessboard．

Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists．Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall¸usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld．Unfortunately¸thatplanseemsunlikelytowork：

wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans¸letalonesuperintelligentmachines．

SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy．Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines．Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand¸asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers．Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans．Otherssaywecanjust“switchthemoff”asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidt