最新华中科技大学学博士英语真题.docx

最新华中科技大学学博士英语真题.docx

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最新华中科技大学学博士英语真题

Passage4（4/63）

Thefossilremainsofthefirstflyingvertebrates,thepterosaurs,haveintriguedpaleontologistsformorethantwocenturies.Howsuchlargecreatures,whichweighedinsomecasesasmuchasapilotedhang-gliderandhadwingspansfrom8to12meters,solvedtheproblemsofpoweredflight,andexactlywhatthesecreatureswere—reptilesorbirds—areamongthequestionsscientistshavepuzzledover.

Perhapstheleastcontroversialassertionaboutthepterosaursisthattheywerereptiles.Theirskulls,pelvises,andhindfeetarereptilian.Theanatomyoftheirwingssuggeststhattheydidnotevolveintotheclassofbirds.Inpterosaursagreatlyelongatedfourthfingerofeachforelimbsupportedawing-likemembrane.Theotherfingerswereshortandreptilian,withsharpclaws.Inbirdsthesecondfingeristheprincipalstrutofthewing,whichconsistsprimarilyoffeathers.Ifthepterosaurswalkedonallfours,thethreeshortfingersmayhavebeenemployedforgrasping.Whenapterosaurwalkedorremainedstationary,thefourthfinger,andwithitthewing,couldonlyturnupwardinanextendedinvertedV-shapealongeachsideoftheanimal’sbody.

Thepterosaursresembledbothbirdsandbatsintheiroverallstructureandproportions.Thisisnotsurprisingbecausethedesignofanyflyingvertebrateissubjecttoaerodynamicconstraints.Boththepterosaursandthebirdshavehollowbones,afeaturethatrepresentsasavingsinweight.Inthebirds,however,thesebonesarereinforcedmoremassivelybyinternalstruts.

Althoughscalestypicallycoverreptiles,thepterosaursprobablyhadhairycoats.T.H.Huxleyreasonedthatflyingvertebratesmusthavebeenwarm-bloodedbecauseflyingimpliesahighrateofmetabolism,whichinturnimpliesahighinternaltemperature.Huxleyspeculatedthatacoatofhairwouldinsulateagainstlossofbodyheatandmightstreamlinethebodytoreducedraginflight.Therecentdiscoveryofapterosaurspecimencoveredinlong,dense,andrelativelythickhairlikefossilmaterialwasthefirstclearevidencethathisreasoningwascorrect.

Effortstoexplainhowthepterosaursbecameairbornehaveledtosuggestionsthattheylaunchedthemselvesbyjumpingfromcliffs,bydroppingfromtrees,orevenbyrisingintolightwindsfromthecrestsofwaves.Eachhypothesishasitsdifficulties.Thefirstwronglyassumesthatthepterosaurs’hindfeetresembledabat’sandcouldserveashooksbywhichtheanimalcouldhanginpreparationforflight.Thesecondhypothesisseemsunlikelybecauselargepterosaurscouldnothavelandedintreeswithoutdamagingtheirwings.Thethirdcallsforhighwavestochannelupdrafts.Thewindthatmadesuchwaveshowever,mighthavebeentoostrongforthepterosaurstocontroltheirflightonceairborne.

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatscientistsnowgenerallyagreethatthe

（A）enormouswingspanofthepterosaursenabledthemtoflygreatdistances

（B）structureoftheskeletonofthepterosaurssuggestsacloseevolutionaryrelationshiptobats

（C）fossilremainsofthepterosaursrevealhowtheysolvedtheproblemofpoweredflight

（D）pterosaurswerereptiles

（E）pterosaurswalkedonallfours

2.Theauthorviewstheideathatthepterosaursbecameairbornebyrisingintolightwindscreatedbywavesas

（A）revolutionary

（B）unlikely

（C）unassailable

（D）probable

（E）outdated

3.Accordingtothepassage,theskeletonofapterosaurcanbedistinguishedfromthatofabirdbythe

（A）sizeofitswingspan

（B）presenceofhollowspacesinitsbones

（C）anatomicoriginofitswingstrut

（D）presenceofhooklikeprojectionsonitshindfeet

（E）locationoftheshoulderjointjoiningthewingtoitsbody

4.TheideasattributedtoT.H.Huxleyinthepassagesuggestthathewouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?

（A）Ananimal’sbrainsizehaslittlebearingonitsabilitytomastercomplexbehaviors.

（B）Ananimal’sappearanceisofteninfluencedbyenvironmentalrequirementsandphysicalcapabilities.

（C）Animalswithinagivenfamilygroupareunlikelytochangetheirappearancedramaticallyoveraperiodoftime.

（D）Theoriginofflightinvertebrateswasanaccidentaldevelopmentratherthantheoutcomeofspecializationoradaptation.

（E）Thepterosaursshouldbeclassifiedasbirds,notreptiles.

Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthelastparagraphofthepassage?

（A）Newevidenceisintroducedtosupportatraditionalpointofview.

（B）Threeexplanationsforaphenomenonarepresented,andeachisdisputedbymeansofspecificinformation.

（C）Threehypothesesareoutlined,andevidencesupportingeachisgiven.

（D）Recentdiscoveriesaredescribed,andtheirimplicationsforfuturestudyareprojected.

LSAT第27套SECTIONI

Mostofficeworkersassumethatthemessagestheysendtoeachotherviaelectronicmailareasprivateasatelephonecalloraface-to-facemeeting.Thatassumptioniswrong.Althoughitisillegalinmanyareasforanemployertoeavesdroponprivateconversationsortelephonecalls—eveniftheytakeplaceonacompany-ownedtelephone—therearenoclearrulesgoverningelectronicmail.Infact,thequestionofhowprivateelectronicmailtransmissionsshouldbehasemergedasoneofthemorecomplicatedlegalissuesoftheelectronicage.

People’sopinionsaboutthedegreeofprivacythatelectronicmailshouldhavevarydependingonwhoseelectronicmailsystemisbeingusedandwhoisreadingthemessages.Doesagovernmentoffice,forexample,havetherighttodestroyelectronicmessagescreatedinthecourseofrunningthegovernment,therebydenyingpublicaccesstosuchdocuments?

Someholdthatgovernmentofficesshouldissueguidelinesthatallowtheirstafftodeletesuchelectronicrecords,anddefendthispracticebyclaimingthatthemessagesthusdeletedalreadyexistinpaperversionswhosedestructionisforbidden.Opponentsofsuchpracticesarguethatthepaperversionsoftenomitsuchinformationaswhoreceivedthemessagesandwhentheyreceivedthem,informationcommonlycarriedonelectronicmailsystems.Governmentofficials,opponentsmaintain,arecivilservants;thepublicshouldthushavetherighttoreviewanydocumentscreatedduringtheconductingofgovernmentbusiness.

Questionsaboutelectronicmailprivacyhavealsoarisenintheprivatesector.Recently,twoemployeesofanautomotivecompanywerediscoveredtohavebeencommunicatingdisparaginginformationabouttheirsupervisorviaelectronicmail.Thesupervisor,whohadbeenmonitoringthecommunication,threatenedtofiretheemployees.Whentheemployeesfiledagrievancecomplainingthattheirprivacyhadbeenviolated,theywereletgo.Later,theircourtcaseforunlawfulterminationwasdismissed;thecompany’slawyerssuccessfullyarguedthatbecausethecompanyownedthecomputersystem,itssupervisorshadtherighttoreadanythingcreatedonit.

Insomeareas,lawsprohibitoutsideinterceptionofelectronicmailbyathirdpartywithoutproperauthorizationsuchasasearchwarrant.However,theselawsdonotcover“inside”interceptionsuchasoccurredattheautomotivecompany.Inthepast,courtshaveruledthatinterofficecommunicationsmaybeconsideredprivateonlyifemployeeshavea“reasonableexpectation”ofprivacywhentheysendthemessages.Thefactisthatnoabsoluteguaranteeofprivacyexistsinanycomputersystem.Theonlysolutionmaybeforuserstoscrambletheirownmessageswithencryptioncodes;unfortunately,suchcomplexcodesarelikelytounderminetheprincipalvirtueofelectronicmail:

itsconvenience.

1.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsmostaccuratelysummarizesthemainpointofthepassage?

（A）Untilthelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailinboththepublicandprivatesectorshavebeenresolved,officeworkerswillneedtoscrambletheirelectronicmailmessageswithencryptioncodes.

（B）Thelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailintheworkplacecanbestberesolvedbytreatingsuchcommunicationsasiftheywereasprivateastelephoneconversationsorface-to-facemeetings.

（C）Anyattempttoresolvethelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailintheworkplacemusttakeintoaccounttheessentialdifferencebetweenpublic-sectorandprivatesectorbusiness.

（D）Atpresent,inboththepublicandprivatesectors,thereseemtobenocleargeneralanswerstothelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailintheworkplace.

（E）Thelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailintheworkplaceofelectronicmailintheworkplacecanbestberesolvedbyallowingsupervisorsinpublic-sectorbutnotprivate-sectorofficestomonitortheiremployees’communications.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressesthereasonsomepeopleusetoopposethedeletionofelectronicmailrecordsatgovernmentoffices?

（A）Suchdeletionrevealstheextentofgovernment’sunhealthyobsessionwithsecrecy.

（B）Suchdeletionrunscountertothenotionofgovernment’saccountabilitytoitsconstituency.

（C）Suchdeletionclearlyviolatesthelegalrequirementthatgovernmentofficeskeepduplicatecopiesofalltheirtransactions.

（D）Suchdeletionviolatesthegovernment’sownguidelinesagainstdestructionofelectronicrecords.

（E）Suchdeletionharmsrelationsbetweengovernmentemployeesandtheirsupervisors.

3.Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelystatestheorganizationofthepassage?

（A）Aproblemisintroduced,followedbyspecificexamplesillustratingtheproblem:

apossiblesolutionissuggested,followedbyanacknowledgmentofitsshortcomings.

（B）Aproblemisintroduced,followedbyexpli