语言学 Ⅱ.docx

语言学 Ⅱ.docx

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语言学Ⅱ

 Chapter7:

LanguageChange

1.historicallinguistics:

Asubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudylanguagechange.

2.coinage:

Anewwordcanbecoinedtofitsomepurpose.（03）

3.blending:

Ablendisawordformedbycombiningpartsofotherwords.

4.clipping:

Clippingreferstotheabbreviationoflongerwordsorphrases.

5.borrowing:

Whendifferentculturecomeintocontact,wordsareoftenborrowedfromonelanguagetoanother.Itisalsocalledloadwords.

6.backformation:

Newwordsmaybecoinedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixmistakenlythoughttobepartoftheoldword.Suchwordsarecalledback-formation.

7.functionalshift:

Wordsmayshiftfromonepartofspeechtoanotherwithouttheadditionofaffixes.

8.acronyms:

Acronymsarewordsderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwords.

9.protolanguage:

Theoriginalformofalanguagefamily,whichhasceasedtoexist.

10.Languagefamily:

Agroupofhistoricallyrelatedlanguagesthathavedevelopedfromacommonancestrallanguage.

Chapter8:

LanguageAndSociety

1.sociolinguistics:

Thesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinsocialcontexts.

2.speechcommunity:

Agroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandshareatleastonespeechvarietyaswellassimilarlinguisticnorms.（05）

3.speechvarieties:

Itreferstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.

4.regionaldialect:

Avarietyoflanguageusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.

5.sociolect:

Avarietyoflanguageusedbypeople,whobelongtoaparticularsocialclass.

6.registers :

Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.

7.idiolect :

Aperson’sdialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselements,regardingregional,social,genderandagevariations.（04）

8.linguisticreportoire :

Thetotalityoflinguisticvarietiespossessedbyanindividualconstituteshislinguisticrepertoire.

9.registertheory :

AtheoryproposedbyAmericanlinguistHalliday,whobelievedthatthreesocialvariablesdeterminetheregister,namely,fieldofdiscourse,tenorofdiscourseandmodeofdiscourse.

10.fieldofdiscourse :

thepurposeandsubjectmatterofthecommunicativebehavior..

11.tenorofdiscourse:

Itreferstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion:

whotheparticipantsinthecommunicationgroupsareandinwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother.

12.modeofdiscourse:

Itreferstothemeansofcommunicationanditisconcernedwithhowcommunicationiscarriedout.

13.standarddialect:

Asuperposedvarietyoflanguageofacommunityornation,usuallybasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatednativespeakersofthelanguage.

14.formality:

Itreferstothedegreeofformalityindifferentoccasionsandreflectstherelationshipandconversations.AccordingtoMartinJoos,therearefivestagesofformality,namely,intimate,casual,consultative,formalandfrozen.

15.Pidgin:

Ablendingofseverallanguage,developingasacontactlanguageofpeople,whospeakdifferentlanguages,trytocommunicationwithoneanotheronaregularbasis.

16.Creole :

Apidginlanguagewhichhasbecomethenativelanguageofagroupofspeakersusedinthisdailylife.

17.bilingualism :

Theuseoftwodifferentlanguagessidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplay,andlanguageswitchingoccurswhenthesituationchanges.（07C）

18.diaglossia :

Asociolinguisticsituationinwhichtwodifferentvarietiesoflanguageco-existinaspeechcommunity,eachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.

19.LinguaFranca :

Avarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeople,whospeakdifferentnativelanguagesordialects

20.code-switching:

themovementbackandforthbetweentwolanguagesordialectswithinthesamesentenceordiscourse.（04）

Chapter9:

LanguageAndCulture

1.culture :

Thetotalwayoflifeofaperson,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofhumancommunity.

2.discoursecommunity :

Itreferstothecommonwaysthatmembersofsomesocialgroupuselanguagetomeettheirneeds.

3.acculturation :

Aprocessinwhichchangesonthelanguage,cultureandsystemofvaluesofagrouphappenthroughinteractionwithanothergroupwithadifferentlanguage,cultureandasystemofvalues.

4.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis :

TheinterdependenceoflanguageandthoughtisnowknownasSapir-WhorfHypothesis.

5.linguisticrelativity :

Abeliefthatthewaypeopleviewtheworldisdeterminedwhollyorpartlybythestructureoftheirnativelanguage-----又叫Sapir-WhorfHypothesis.（06C）

6.linguisticdeterminism:

Itreferstotheideathatthelanguageweuse,tosomeextent,determinesthewayinwhichweviewandthinkabouttheworldaroundus.（06C）

7.denotativemeaning:

Itreferstotheliteralmeaning,whichcanbefoundinadictionary.

8.connotativemeaning:

Theassociationofaword,apartfromitsprimarymeaning.

9.iconicmeaning:

Theimageofawordinvokedtopeople.

10.metaphors:

Afigureofspeech,inwhichnofunctionwordslikelike,asareused.Somethingisdescribedbystatinganotherthingwithwhichitcanbecompared.

11.euphemism:

awordorphrasethatreplaceataboowordorisusedtoavoidreferencetocertainactsorsubjects,e.g.powderroomfortoilet.

12.culturaloverlap:

Thesituationbetweentwosocietiesduetosomesimilaritiesinthenaturalenvironmentandpsychologyofhumanbeing

13.culturaldiffusion:

Throughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomepartofcultureB,thusbringingaboutculturaldiffusion.（05/03）

14.culturalimperialism:

Thesituationofincreasingculturaldiffusionallovertheworld.（06C）

15.linguisticsimperialism:

itisakindofkindoflinguicismwhichcanbedefinedasthepromulgationofglobalideologiesthroughtheworld-wideexpansionofonelanguage.（06C）

16.linguisticnationalism:

Inordertoprotectthepurityoftheirlanguage,somecountrieshaveadoptedspeciallanguagepolicy.Itiscalledlinguisticnationalism.

17.interculturalcommunication:

Itiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.

18.languageplanning:

planning,usuallybyagovernment,concerningchoiceofnationalorofficiallanguage（s）,waysofspreadingtheuseofalanguage,spellingreforms,theadditionofnewwordstothelanguage,andotherlanguageproblems.

Chapter10:

LanguageAcquisition

1.languageacquisition:

Itreferstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.

2.languageacquisitiondevice（LAD）:

Ahypotheticalinnatemechanismeverynormalhumanchildisbelievedtobebornwith,whichallowthemtoacquirelanguage.（03）

3.UniversalGrammar:

Atheorywhichclaimstoaccountforthegrammaticalcompetenceofeveryadultnomatterwhatlanguageheorshespeaks.

4.motherese:

Aspecialspeechtochildrenusedbyadults,whichischaracterizedwithslowrateofspeed,highpitch,richintonation,shorterandsimplersentencestructuresetc.----又叫childdirectedspeech，caretakertalk.（05）

5.CriticalPeriodHypothesis:

Thehypothesisthatthetimespanbetweenearlychildhoodandpubertyisthecriticalperiodforlanguageacquisition,duringwhichchildrencanacquirelanguagewithoutformalinstructionsuccessfullyandeffortlessly.（07C/06F/04）

6.under-extension:

Useawordwithlessthanitsusualrangeofdenotation.

7.over-extension:

Extensionofthemeaningofa wordbeyonditsusualdomainofapplicationbyyoungchildren.

8.telegraphicspeech:

Children’searlymultiwordspeechthatcontainscontentwordsandlacksfunctionwordsandinflectionalmorphemes.

9.contentword:

Wordsreferringtothings,quality,stateoraction,whichhavelexicalmeaningusedalone.

10.functionword:

Wordswithlittlemeaningontheirownbutshowgrammaticalrelationshipsinandbetweensentences.

11.taboo:

Wordsknowntospeakersbutavoidedinsomecontextsofspeechforreasonsofreligion,politenessetc.（07C）

12.atypicaldevelopment:

Someacquisitionoflanguagemaybedelayedbutfollowthesamerulesoflanguagedevelopmentduetotraumaorinjury.

Chapter11 :

SecondLanguageAcquisition

1.secondlanguageacquisition:

Itreferstothesystematicstudyofhowonepersonacquiresasecondlanguagesubsequenttohisnativelanguage.

2.targetlanguage:

Thelanguagetobeacquiredbythesecondlanguagelearner.

3.secondlanguage:

Asecondlanguageisalanguagewhichisnotanativelanguageinacountrybutwhichiswidelyusedasamediumofcommunicationandwhichisusuallyusedalongsideanotherlanguageorlanguages.

4.foreignlanguage:

Aforeignlanguageisalanguagewhichistaughtasaschoolsubjectbutwhichisnotusedasamediumofinstructioninschoolsnorasalanguageofcommunicationwithinacountry.

5.interlanguage:

Atypeoflanguageproducedbysecondandforeignlanguagelearners,whoareintheprocessoflearningalanguage,andthistypeoflanguageusuallycontainswrongexpression_rs.

6.fossilization:

Insecondorforeignlanguagelearning,thereisaprocesswhichsometimesoccursinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesalanguage.

7.contrastiveanalysis:

amethodofanalyzinglanguagesforinstructionalpurposeswherebyanativelanguageandtargetlanguagearecomparedwithaviewtoestablishingpointsofdifferencelikelytocausedifficultiesforlearners.

8.contrastiveanalysishypothesis:

Ahypothesisinsecondlanguageacquisition.Itpredictsthatwheretherearesimilaritiesbetweenth