小升初代词讲解及习题.docx
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小升初代词讲解及习题
第二讲代词
一、定义:
代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。
二、代词的分类:
人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词等。
常见的代词分类表:
分类
例词
人称代词
we , you , he , she , it , them
物主代词
my , your , his , our , their , mine , hers , theirs , ours
反身代词
myself , yourself , ourselves , itself , themselves
指示代词
this , that , these , those
不定代词
all , some , any , much , many , few , little
相互代词
each other , one another
疑问代词
who , whom , whose , which , what
连接代词
who , whom , whose , which , what
关系代词
who , whom , whose , that , which , as
1.人称代词分类及用法
人称代词
人称
单数
复数
主格
宾格
主格
宾格
第一人称
I
me
we
us
第二人称
you
you
you
you
第三人称
he
him
they
them
she
her
it
it
(1)主格:
作主语,表示谁怎么样了、干什么了。
I am a teacher. You are student.
He feelshappyeveryday. We/You/They .gotoschooleveryweekday.
(2)宾格:
作宾语,表示动作行为的对象,一般放在动词后面。
Give it to me.
Let’s go (let’s =let us)
2.物主代词
物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。
形容词性物主代词可以作定语,也就是讲它可以作形容词,后面要跟名词。
如:
This is my book.
名性词的物主代词后面不能跟名词。
如:
This book is mine.=This is my book.
人称
我
你
他
她
它
我们
你们
他们
主格
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
宾格
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
形容词性物主代词
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
名词性
物主代词
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
在句中用作主语、宾语、表语、和介词of连用。
如:
Here is my dog. Its name is Tom.(形容词性物主代词its作name的定语)
My sister lost her bicycle. (形容词性物主代词her作bicycle的定语)
Is that coffee yours or hers?
(名词性物主代词)
It’syourpen=It’syours.It’sherdress=It’shers.
(1)名词性物主代词的用法
A. 作主语
如:
May I use your pen?
Yours (=your pen) works better.
B. 作宾语
如:
I love my motherland as much as you love yours (=your motherland).
我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
C. 作介词宾语
I am writing with your pen, not with mine(=my pen).
d. 作表语
如:
My life is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。
(2) 形容词性物主代词的用法
A. 形容词性物主代词与形容词一起修饰名词时,其顺序是:
形容词性物主代词+形容词+名词。
如:
My new bike 我的新自行车
her young son 她年幼的儿子
B. 形容词性物主代词所修饰的名词可以是单数,也可以是复数。
如:
my pen我的钢笔 his books他的书
C.形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,它后面必须跟名词,即在名词前作定语。
如:
这是我的钢笔.
[误]This pen is my.(错误的原因:
my在此句中单独使用)
[正]This is my pen.
D. 当名词前有形容词性物主代词修饰时,不能再用冠词来修饰名词(注:
冠词包括定冠词the和不定冠词a, an两类)。
如:
那是我的自行车.
[误]That is my a bike. / That is a bike.
错误原因:
不定冠词a和形容词性物主代词my同时出现
[正]That is my bike.
(3)当名词前有形容词性物主代词修饰时,不能再用指示代词this, that, these或those来修饰名词。
如:
他们的电脑在这儿。
[误]Their those computers are here.(或Those their computers are here.)
错误原因:
指示代词those和形容词性物主代词there同时出现
[正]Their computers are here.
(4)名词性和形容词性物主代词的区别
A) 名词性物主代词后不能跟名词,或代词one。
它总是单独出现在句中。
如:
The umbrella is mine.(mine=my umbrella)
He likes my pen. He doesn’t like hers.(hers=her pen)
B) 名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词
为避免重复使用名词,通常可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。
如:
My bag is yellow, her bag is red, his bag is blue and your bag is pink. 为避免重复使用bag,可写成My bag is yellow, hers is red, his is blue and yours is pink.
C) 名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 --'s属格结构.
如:
Jack's cap 意为 The cap is Jack's. His cap 意为 The cap is his.
D) 可以说 a friend of mine (ours, yours, hers, his, theirs),=one of my friends;但是不能说 a friend of me (us, you, her, him, them)这种说法绝对错误。
E) 有时同一个结构用不用物主代词会导致含义的变化。
如:
Don’t lose heart. 别灰心(lose heart:
灰心) She lost her heart to Jim. 她爱上了吉姆。
(lose one’s heart to sb:
爱上某人)
3.反身代词
A.定义:
反身代词,又称为自身代词,表示动作行为反射到行为执行者本身。
还可以在句中起到强调的作用,用以加强语气。
B.用法
1)可用作宾语,指的是宾语和主语表示同一个或同一些的人或事物。
如:
Maria bought herself a scarf. 玛丽亚给自己买了一条围巾。
We must look after ourselves very well. 我们必须好好照顾自己。
2)可用作表语,指的是表语和主语表示同一个或同一些人或事物。
如:
I'm not quite myself today. 我今天情绪不好。
He doesn't seem himself this morning.今天上午他似乎不舒服。
【说明】有时用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语表示身体或精神处于正常状态:
I’m not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。
I’ll be myself again in no time.
我过一会儿就会好的。
3)可用作主语或宾语的同位语,常用来加强语气。
如:
She herself will fly to London tomorrow. 明天她自己将要坐飞机去伦敦。
I met the writer himself last week. 我上周见到了那位作家本人。
4)用在某些固定短语当中
by oneself 单独地
When I was young, I had to make a living all by myself.
Would you go there by yourself?
for oneself 为自己;独自
One shouldn’t live for himself alone.
You must find it out for yourself.
enjoy oneself玩得很痛快
talk to oneself自言自语
help oneself to sth. 随便吃
Please help yourself to some fish.
4.双重所有格:
在同一名词词组中同时具备's以及of两种所有格
a friend of my father's我爸爸的一个朋友
(1).of前面的名词前面通常有一个含泛指意义的限定词
如:
a, any, some, no, few, several以及two, three等。
例如:
Have you read any stories of Lei Feng's?
你看过雷锋的故事吗?
They gave me some books of theirs. 他们把他们的一些书给了我。
Three classmates of my brother's have found good jobs. 我哥哥的三个同学已经找到了好工作。
( 2). 有时of前面的名词前面可以用指示代词this, that表示某种感情色彩。
例如:
That answer of Tom's was not right. 汤姆的那个回答是不对的。
Something is wrong with this hand of mine. 我的这只手出了毛病。
(3)of后面带有's的名词或名词性物主代词通常是特指的人。
例如:
That's a book of Lu Xun's. 这是鲁迅的一本书。
This is a child of theirs. 那是他们的一个孩子。
5.it的用法
A.基本用法
(1).指代前面所提到过的人、物或事情,也可以指未提到过的但是谈话双方都明白的事情、情况。
—Where is your backpack?
—It’s on the chair.
(2). 指代时间、天气、距离、环境等。
It is over one year since I came to this school.(时间)
It is warm in winter in Kunming.(天气)
It is about 2 kilometers away from here.(距离)
It is very quiet here.(环境)
(3). 指代性别不明或性别被认为不重要的人或物。
Who’s the baby in the picture?
Is it your brother?
—No, it’s me.
(4). it作形式主语和形式宾语,代替不定式、动词的-ing形式、从句,而把真正的主语、宾语放在后面。
It is a pity that he missed the first flight.
It seems that he has passed the exam.
I find it a waste spending so much time on TV.
6.指示代词
指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。
如:
this(这),that(那),these(这些),those(那些)等。
this和these指单数,this和these指复数。
指示代词在句中可以作主语,宾语,表语、定语等。
this和these指距离较近的人或物。
that和those指距离较近的人或物。
例如:
this is a dog. 这是一只狗。
(作主语)
That is a good idea. 那是个好主意。
These are are apple. 这些是苹果。
Those are my teachers. 那些是我的老师。
What do you like ?
I like this.(作宾语) 你喜欢什么?
我喜欢这个。
I should say I know that . 我应该说我知道这件事情。
That pencil is long. 那支铅笔是长的。
(作定语)
否定是在be动词后面加not.
例如:
this is not a dog. 这不是一只狗。
That is not a good idea. 那不是个好主意。
These are not apples. 这些不是苹果。
Those are not my teachers. 那些不是我的老师。
7.疑问代词
A.疑问代词在句中起who 名词的作用,用来构成疑问句。
如:
what ,where,when,what time ,how,who ,whom,whose,which等
B. 指人:
who,whom,whose
指物:
what
既可指人又可指物:
which
C疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。
what,which,whose还可作限定词。
试比较:
Whose are these books on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?
(疑问代词作表语)
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
Whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?
(疑问代词作限定语)
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?
哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
(疑问代词作限定语
8.不定代词
代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。
如
something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(没事),nobody(没有人), no one(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人).
A. some和 any 的用法:
some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词。
I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做) They will go there some day. (他们有朝一日会去那儿) some 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。
Would you like some coffee with sugar?
(你要加糖的咖啡吗?
)
any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“一些”,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。
They didn’t have any friends here. (他们在这里没有朋友) Have you got any questions to ask?
(你有问题要问吗?
) any 用于肯定句时,意思是“任何一个”。
Come here with any friend. (随便带什么朋友来吧。
)
B.
不定
代词
含义
范围
作定语时 名词的数
作主语时 动词的数
both
两者都
=2
复数
复数
either
两者中的任意一个
=2
单数
单数
neither
两者都不
=2
单数
单数
all
三者或三者以上
>3
单/复数
单/复数
none
三者或三者以上都不
≥3
单/复数
each
每一个
≥2
单数
单数
every
每一个
≥3
单数
单数
1) Both of them enjoy the rice. 他们两人喜欢吃米饭。
2) Neither of us is a doctor. 我们俩都不是医生。
3) Either of you will go. 随你们哪个去都可以。
4)All of the money has been spent.钱都花完了。
C. none、nothing、nobody(no one)、no的区别
none表特指,只能独立使用, 既可指人,也可指物,可与of连用; 常用来回答how many、how much、 which。
nobody(no one)表泛指,只能指人,后面不跟of 短语,作主语时谓语用单数形式;
用来回答who。
nothing表泛指,只能指物,不能与of连用,用来回答what。
no是形容词性的不定代词,只能用作定语,不能单独使用。
1.None of the students failed the examination. 没有一个学生考试不及格。
2. —How much money do you have?
----None.
3. —What are you doing now?
—Nothing.
4. Nobody was late for school.
No one knows how he managed to get the ticket
.(没有人知道他是怎样搞到那张票的)
Nobody handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.
(昨天没有一个人交作文。
)
None of my friends came to see me that day.
(那天没有一个朋友来看我。
)
There is no time left. Please hurry up. (没有时间了,请快点)
None of them is/are in the classroom. (他们当中没有一个在教室里)
I have many books, but none is interesting. (我有很多的书,但没有一本是有趣的)
D. every和each用法:
every是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是“每一个”,表示整体概念;
each是形容词、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是“每个”或者“各个”,表示单个概念; each可以放在名词前,可以后跟of短语。
every和each都用作单数理解,但是下文中既可以用单数的代词(如he/him/his)也可以用复数的代词
(如they/them/their)替代。
Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.
(他班上每个学生学习都很用功)
They are very busy. Each of them has something to do. (他们很忙,人人都有事干)
E. another、the other、others、the others的区别
one 代词,替代前文所出现的可数名词
another 指三者以上中的另一个、“再….”
others 表示复数的泛指= other +n. the other 两者中的另一个
the others 表示复数的特指
如:
Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.
(有些女孩在大苹果树下唱歌,别的就躺在草地上说话)
You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?
(你已经吃了好几块饼子了,你真的还要一块?
)
I want another four books. (我还要四本书)
This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?
(这是你的一只袜子,还有一只呢?
)
I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another.
(我已经吃了4块蛋糕,但是我还要以块。
)
others与the others的主要区别:
others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分);
the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。
A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them. (有几个学生在踢足球,其他一些人在观看)
Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.
(十个男孩中有