撕裂性骨折.docx

撕裂性骨折.docx

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撕裂性骨折

PhysicalEducation（HKDSE）

PartVI:

SportsInjuries,TreatmentandPrecautions

PhysicalEducationSection

CurriculumDevelopmentInstitute

EducationBureau

TheGovernmentoftheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion

2009

Contents

Learningobjectives

2

Glossary

3

Essentialconceptsandtheories

A.Factorsleadingtosportsinjuries

7

B.Commonsportsinjuries

9

C.Treatment

18

D.Preventionofsportsinjuries

21

Examplesofenquiryactivities

25

Referencesforteachers

32

Referencesforstudents

33

Relatedwebsites

34

Learningobjectives

Thisparthelpsstudentsunderstandthesafetymeasuresinphysicalactivities,sportsinjuriesandpreventionmethods.Itislinkedwiththestructureofthehumanbodyandmovementanalysis（PartIIandPartIII）aswellasexerciseandtrainingmethods（PartV）.Italsoheightensstudents’awarenessofcommonsportsinjuriesandhelpsthemlearntoapplytheknowledgetotreatmentandpreventivemeasures.Italsocontributestotheunderstandingofrecreationmanagement,programmeorganisationandlegalissuesinPE,sportandrecreation（PartIX）.

Expectedlearningoutcomes:

Studentswillbeableto

1.explainthefactorsleadingtosportsinjurieswithappropriateexamples;

2.describeindetailthesymptoms,causesandtreatmentofcommonsportsinjuries;

3.takesafetymeasurestoreducetheriskofsportsinjuries;and

4.showconfidenceintheinitialcareofinjuriesinsportingsituations.

Glossary

Term

Description

1.

Abrasion

擦傷

Ascrape;minimalbleeding,possiblywithintensepain.

2.

Avulsionfracture

撕裂性骨折

Asmallportionofbone,withligamentortendonattached,ispulledawayfromthemainbonesegment.

3.

Capillary

微血管

Thesmallesttypeofbloodvessel.Capillarywallsareverythin,allowingfortheexchangeofmaterials.

4.

Cardiopulmonaryresuscitation

（CPR）

心肺復甦法

Amethodofartificialbreathingandbloodcirculationtobeappliedwhenthenaturalheartactionandbreathinghavestopped.Artificialrescuebreathsandchestcompressionsareusedtohelpreactivatethesupplyofbloodandoxygen.

5.

Cardio-respiratorysystem

心肺呼吸系統

Thebloodcirculatorysystemandtherespiratorysystemworkcloselytogetherwithanaimtotransportoxygenintotargetcellsbythebloodstream.

6.

Contusion

撞傷

Aninjurycausedbycrashorpressurewithoutapparentwoundbutwithabruiseofinternalbleedingasaresultofablow.

7.

Epiphysealplate

骨骺板

Thecartilage（discofhyalinecartilage）betweentheepiphysisandtheshaftofalongbonewhichisthesiteofgrowthinlength.

8.

Iliaccrest

髂骨脊

Lateraledgeofthehip;generallythesiteofahippointer.

9.

Inflammatoryresponse

炎性反應

Theimmunesystem’snormalresponsetoinjuryorabnormalstimulationcausedbyaphysical,chemicalorbiologicalsubstance.Itistheimmuneresponsetotissueinjuriesorunusualstimulation.

10.

Ligament

韌帶

Abandoffibroustissuethatconnectsbonetoboneorcartilagetobone,supportingorstrengtheningajoint.

11.

Localtissuedamage

局部組織損傷

Tissuedamageclosetotheareawheretheoriginalinjuryoccurred.

12.

Metabolism

新陳代謝

Alltheenergyreleasedfromallthechemicalreactionsandassociatedprocessesinthebody.

13.

Musclefibre

肌纖維

Amusclefibreisasinglecellofamuscle.Musclefibrescontainmanymyofibrils,thecontractileunitsofmuscles.Musclefibresareverylong.Asinglefibrecanreachalengthof30cm.

14.

Muscletissue

肌肉組織

Itismadeofmusclecellsthatarecapableofcontraction.Muscletissueisthemostabundanttypeoftissueinmostanimals.

15.

Peripheralstructures

外圍結構

Thesearestructuresthatarelocatedonthesurfaceorneartheouterpartofthebody.

16.

Residualswelling

持續腫脹

Sustainedswellingthatmaycontinueafterrecoveryfromaninjury.Itcanlastformanymonths.

17.

Splint

固定物

Arigidsupportmadefrommetal,plasterorplasticandusedtoimmobiliseaninjuredorinflamedpartofthebody.

18.

Stressfractures

疲勞性骨折

Weakspotsorsmallcracksinbonecausedbycontinualoveruse.

19.

Subluxation

不全脫臼

Incompleteorpartialdislocation–acondition,visibleinx-rayfilms,inwhichthebonysurfacesofajointnolongerexactlyfaceeachotherbutremainpartiallyaligned.

20.

Tendon

肌腱

Afibrouscordbywhichamuscleisattachedtoabone.

21.

Torsion

扭傷

Thestrainproducedbytwistingandthiscausesthetearing-offofligamentandsynovialcavity.

EssentialConceptsandTheories

A.Factorsleadingtosportsinjuries

Potentialrisksareinheritedindifferentphysicalactivitiesbecauseoftheirnature.Bodypartsmaybeinjuredandmostoftheseinvolvethemuscular-skeletalsystem,suchasbones,jointsandsofttissues（examplesincludemuscles,tendons,capsules,bursaeandligaments）.Ifoneisfamiliarwiththesefactors,thereisagreaterchanceofinjurypreventionorlesseningthedegreeofinjury.

i）Environmentalfactors–Theyarethepotentialriskyfactorsinducinginjuriesduringphysicalactivities.Injuriesoccurifoneisunawareoftheenvironmentalfactorswhichincludeweather,facilitiesandequipment.

Weather-Hightemperatureandhumiditywillhinderheatdissipation.Thismayinduceheatcramps,heatexhaustionandheatstroke.Coldconditionisassociatedwithhypothermia.Rainorveryhighrelativehumiditycanleadtoalackofmovementcontrol.Furthermore,thechanceofsufferingfromstressinducedbyairpollutionishigherforpeoplewithrespiratoryorcardiovasculardiseases.Insuchcircumstances,weshouldrefertotheAirPollutionIndexandrelevantguidelinesprovidedbytheEnvironmentalProtectionDepartmenttodecidewhetherornottocontinuephysicalactivitiesconductedoutdoors.

ii）Facilitiesandequipment–Thefacilitiesandequipmentforvarioussportsaredifferent,thatenoughspaceisavailableforconductingactivities.Weshouldalsoconsiderthematerialandthehardnessofthefloorsurfaceandthesequenceofthephysicalactivitiestobeheld.Thiswillreducethechanceofsportsinjuries.Tosafeguardparticipants’safety,sportsfacilitiesandequipment,suchasgoalpostsandgymnasticapparatus,shouldberegularlycheckedandmaintainedinagoodconditiontoensurethattheymeetthenecessarysafetyrequirements.

Sportsgrounds-Foranysport,theavailabilityofaproperenvironmentforathletesisvitaltohelpreducethechanceofinjuries.Manysportsinjuriesareoccuronplayingfields.Regularmaintenancehelpskeepthemsafeforuse.Outdoorgrasspitches,forexample,shouldbemowed,wateredandclearedofallforeignsubstancessuchasrocks,tincans,etc.Thesurroundingoftheplayingfieldshouldnotinanywayheightenthepossibilityofaninjury.Obstructionssuchasstakes,railings,etcshouldbeeitherremovedorplacedfarenoughawayfromtheplayingarea.Indoorwoodenfloorsshouldalwaysbefreeofsplintersandnottooslick.Toavoidankleinjuries,thecurbonanathleticstrackshouldneitherbetoohighnortoolow.

Equipment–Allequipmentshouldbecheckedbeforeuse,likegymnasticapparatus.Theequipmentinstalledinanopenareashouldbeinspectedandmaintainedregularlytopreventsportsinjuries.Properclothingshouldbewornforphysicalactivities.Foralongdistancerun,participantsshouldwearbreathableclothes.Besides,theyshouldnotwearshoeswithimproperfitting,orshoesmadeofinadequateimpact-absorbingorexcessivelystiffmaterials.

iii）Protectivedevices-Protectivedevicesmayreducetheriskofinjury.Itemssuchashelmets,safetygoggles,mouthpieces,padding,shin/face-guards,kneestrapsetcarealldesignedtoreducethechanceofinjury.Itisessentialthatallequipmentisspecificallydesignedfortheneedoftheplayers.Todecreasethechanceofinjury,theequipmentsuchaskneeguardsandankleguardsforstabilisingandsupportingthebodypartsisneeded

iv）Levelofskill-Participantswithoutadequatespecificskillsorknowledgefaceagreaterchanceofinjury.Thisisespeciallytrueincontactsportslikefootballorindividualsportssuchasgymnasticsandboxing.Participantsshouldbeawareofhowtopreventinjuries.

v）Leveloffitness-Theknowledge,skillsandfitnessareimportanttopreventsportsinjuries.Forexample,sportsinjurieswillbemorelikelytooccurwhentheplayers’fitnessleveldropsincontactsportslikefootballandrugby.Ingymnasticcompetitions,thosewithouttheendurancetowithstandaroutinearesusceptibletoinjuries.Alowlevelofflexibilitywillalsocausemusclestrainmoreeasily.

vi）Physicallimitations-Participantsshouldhavetherequiredphysicalcapabilities,suchasheight,weight,strengthandtechniquetotakepartintheactivity.Playerswithahigharchorflatfeetshouldwearsuitableinsolestoprotecttheirfeet.Eyesightcanalsobeacontributingfactortothecauseofinjury.Pooreyesightcanresultinmisjudgementsandmistimingofactionsinsports.Forexample,aplayerwithoutpropercontactlensesorglassesduringcompetitionsmaymakeerrorsandthiswillincreasethechanceofsportsinjuries.

vii）Natureofdifferentsports-Somesportslikeboxingposeagreaterthreatofinjury.Participantsmustbecautiousofthepotentialrisksandadoptpreventivemeasures.Othersports,likerockclimbing,requirecertainlevelsofphysicalfitnessandtechnicalexpertise.

Levelofcontact-Thelevelofcontactinsomesports,suchasrugbyandwrestling,hassignificantbearingonthelikelihoodofinjury.Thehigherthelevelofcontactis,thegreaterthelikelihoodofinjuryis.Thepreventivemeasuressuchashamletsandglovesaretominimisethechanceofinjuryinsteadofavoiding