撕裂性骨折.docx

1、撕裂性骨折Physical Education (HKDSE)Part VI: Sports Injuries, Treatment and Precautions Physical Education SectionCurriculum Development InstituteEducation BureauThe Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region2009ContentsLearning objectives2Glossary3Essential concepts and theoriesA. Factors

2、 leading to sports injuries7B. Common sports injuries9C. Treatment18D. Prevention of sports injuries21Examples of enquiry activities25References for teachers 32References for students33Related websites34Learning objectivesThis part helps students understand the safety measures in physical activities

3、, sports injuries and prevention methods. It is linked with the structure of the human body and movement analysis (Part II and Part III) as well as exercise and training methods (Part V). It also heightens students awareness of common sports injuries and helps them learn to apply the knowledge to tr

4、eatment and preventive measures. It also contributes to the understanding of recreation management, programme organisation and legal issues in PE, sport and recreation (Part IX).Expected learning outcomes: Students will be able to1. explain the factors leading to sports injuries with appropriate exa

5、mples;2. describe in detail the symptoms, causes and treatment of common sports injuries;3. take safety measures to reduce the risk of sports injuries; and4. show confidence in the initial care of injuries in sporting situations.GlossaryTermDescription1. Abrasion擦傷A scrape; minimal bleeding, possibl

6、y with intense pain.2. Avulsion fracture撕裂性骨折A small portion of bone, with ligament or tendon attached, is pulled away from the main bone segment.3. Capillary微血管The smallest type of blood vessel. Capillary walls are very thin, allowing for the exchange of materials.4. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(C

7、PR)心肺復甦法A method of artificial breathing and blood circulation to be applied when the natural heart action and breathing have stopped. Artificial rescue breaths and chest compressions are used to help reactivate the supply of blood and oxygen.5. Cardio-respiratory system心肺呼吸系統The blood circulatory s

8、ystem and the respiratory system work closely together with an aim to transport oxygen into target cells by the blood stream.6. Contusion撞傷An injury caused by crash or pressure without apparent wound but with a bruise of internal bleeding as a result of a blow. 7. Epiphyseal plate骨骺板The cartilage (d

9、isc of hyaline cartilage) between the epiphysis and the shaft of a long bone which is the site of growth in length.8. Iliac crest髂骨脊Lateral edge of the hip; generally the site of a hip pointer.9. Inflammatory response炎性反應The immune systems normal response to injury or abnormal stimulation caused by

10、a physical, chemical or biological substance. It is the immune response to tissue injuries or unusual stimulation.10. Ligament韌帶A band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone or cartilage to bone, supporting or strengthening a joint.11. Local tissue damage局部組織損傷Tissue damage close to the area w

11、here the original injury occurred.12. Metabolism新陳代謝All the energy released from all the chemical reactions and associated processes in the body.13. Muscle fibre肌纖維A muscle fibre is a single cell of a muscle. Muscle fibres contain many myofibrils, the contractile units of muscles. Muscle fibres are

12、very long. A single fibre can reach a length of 30 cm.14. Muscle tissue肌肉組織It is made of muscle cells that are capable of contraction. Muscle tissue is the most abundant type of tissue in most animals.15. Peripheral structures外圍結構These are structures that are located on the surface or near the outer

13、 part of the body.16. Residual swelling持續腫脹Sustained swelling that may continue after recovery from an injury. It can last for many months.17. Splint固定物A rigid support made from metal, plaster or plastic and used to immobilise an injured or inflamed part of the body.18. Stress fractures疲勞性骨折Weak spo

14、ts or small cracks in bone caused by continual overuse.19. Subluxation不全脫臼Incomplete or partial dislocation a condition, visible in x-ray films, in which the bony surfaces of a joint no longer exactly face each other but remain partially aligned.20. Tendon肌腱A fibrous cord by which a muscle is attach

15、ed to a bone.21. Torsion扭傷The strain produced by twisting and this causes the tearing-off of ligament and synovial cavity.Essential Concepts and TheoriesA. Factors leading to sports injuriesPotential risks are inherited in different physical activities because of their nature. Body parts may be inju

16、red and most of these involve the muscular-skeletal system, such as bones, joints and soft tissues (examples include muscles, tendons, capsules, bursae and ligaments). If one is familiar with these factors, there is a greater chance of injury prevention or lessening the degree of injury.i) Environme

17、ntal factors They are the potential risky factors inducing injuries during physical activities. Injuries occur if one is unaware of the environmental factors which include weather, facilities and equipment.Weather - High temperature and humidity will hinder heat dissipation. This may induce heat cra

18、mps, heat exhaustion and heatstroke. Cold condition is associated with hypothermia. Rain or very high relative humidity can lead to a lack of movement control. Furthermore, the chance of suffering from stress induced by air pollution is higher for people with respiratory or cardiovascular diseases.

19、In such circumstances, we should refer to the Air Pollution Index and relevant guidelines provided by the Environmental Protection Department to decide whether or not to continue physical activities conducted outdoors. ii) Facilities and equipment The facilities and equipment for various sports are

20、different, that enough space is available for conducting activities. We should also consider the material and the hardness of the floor surface and the sequence of the physical activities to be held. This will reduce the chance of sports injuries. To safeguard participants safety, sports facilities

21、and equipment, such as goalposts and gymnastic apparatus, should be regularly checked and maintained in a good condition to ensure that they meet the necessary safety requirements. Sports grounds - For any sport, the availability of a proper environment for athletes is vital to help reduce the chanc

22、e of injuries. Many sports injuries are occur on playing fields. Regular maintenance helps keep them safe for use. Outdoor grass pitches, for example, should be mowed, watered and cleared of all foreign substances such as rocks, tin cans, etc. The surrounding of the playing field should not in any w

23、ay heighten the possibility of an injury. Obstructions such as stakes, railings, etc should be either removed or placed far enough away from the playing area. Indoor wooden floors should always be free of splinters and not too slick. To avoid ankle injuries, the curb on an athletics track should nei

24、ther be too high nor too low. Equipment All equipment should be checked before use, like gymnastic apparatus. The equipment installed in an open area should be inspected and maintained regularly to prevent sports injuries. Proper clothing should be worn for physical activities. For a long distance r

25、un, participants should wear breathable clothes. Besides, they should not wear shoes with improper fitting, or shoes made of inadequate impact-absorbing or excessively stiff materials.iii) Protective devices - Protective devices may reduce the risk of injury. Items such as helmets, safety goggles, m

26、outhpieces, padding, shin / face-guards, knee straps etc are all designed to reduce the chance of injury. It is essential that all equipment is specifically designed for the need of the players. To decrease the chance of injury, the equipment such as knee guards and ankle guards for stabilising and

27、supporting the body parts is needed iv) Level of skill - Participants without adequate specific skills or knowledge face a greater chance of injury. This is especially true in contact sports like football or individual sports such as gymnastics and boxing. Participants should be aware of how to prev

28、ent injuries.v) Level of fitness - The knowledge, skills and fitness are important to prevent sports injuries. For example, sports injuries will be more likely to occur when the players fitness level drops in contact sports like football and rugby. In gymnastic competitions, those without the endura

29、nce to withstand a routine are susceptible to injuries. A low level of flexibility will also cause muscle strain more easily.vi) Physical limitations - Participants should have the required physical capabilities, such as height, weight, strength and technique to take part in the activity. Players wi

30、th a high arch or flat feet should wear suitable insoles to protect their feet. Eyesight can also be a contributing factor to the cause of injury. Poor eyesight can result in misjudgements and mistiming of actions in sports. For example, a player without proper contact lenses or glasses during compe

31、titions may make errors and this will increase the chance of sports injuries.vii) Nature of different sports - Some sports like boxing pose a greater threat of injury. Participants must be cautious of the potential risks and adopt preventive measures. Other sports, like rock climbing, require certai

32、n levels of physical fitness and technical expertise.Level of contact - The level of contact in some sports, such as rugby and wrestling, has significant bearing on the likelihood of injury. The higher the level of contact is, the greater the likelihood of injury is. The preventive measures such as hamlets and gloves are to minimise the chance of injury instead of avoiding