第十节句子的分类doc.docx
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第十节句子的分类doc
第十节句子的分类
一、按用途分类
句子按用途分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
(一)陈述句
陈述句说明一个事实或是表达说话人的看法。
如:
Shearrivedquiteearly.
Idon'tseeanypointinmakinganotherspeechonthisproblem.
(二)疑问句
疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
1.一般疑问句
一般疑问句通常以助动词开始,要求以yes或no回答。
如:
"Willyoupassonamessagetohim?
""Yes,what'sit?
"
"Doyoulikesports?
""No,Ipreferreadinginmysparetime."
2.特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句以疑问代词开头,后面通常接一般疑问句,如果疑问词或其修饰的词作句子的主语,后面应用陈述句句序。
如:
Howmuchdidshecharge?
Whoisresponsiblefortheaccident?
(beresponsiblefor为……负责)
"______doyourecordthetemperatureinthelab?
"
"Everytwohours."
A.HowsoonB.HowlongC.HowoftenD.Howmuch(答案Chowoften表示频率,howsoon最快……,howlong一段延续的时间,howmuch问价钱)
3.选择疑问句
选择疑问句在结构上类似于一般疑问句,选择的两部分由or连接起来。
如:
Doyouprefercoffeeortea?
-Eitherwilldo.
AreyoufromShanghaiorSuzhou?
-I'mfromSuzhou.
4.反意疑问句
反意疑问句由两部分组成,前一部分用陈述句的形式,后一部分是一个简短的问句。
如果前一部分用肯定形式,后一部分通常用否定形式,前一部分用否定形式,后一部分就用肯定形式,两部分主语的人称、时态应保持一致。
如:
Youaregoingouttoday,aren'tyou?
Wecan'ttakethebooksout,canwe?
当反意疑问句的前一部分是否定句,或含有no,nothing,never,hardly,seldom等词时,回答时应特别注意。
事实上肯定的用yes,事实上否定的用no。
Youwon'tbeawayforlong,willyou?
-No,I'llbebackintenminutes.
Heishardlyten,ishe?
-Yes,heisten.
Youhaven'tanyobjectiontotheidea,haveyou?
-No,Ihaven't.(objectionto反对,to是介词)
Theyhavenoclassestomorrow,havethey?
-No,theyhaven't.
日常用语中有些反意疑问句构成与上述不同,有其独特的方式。
如:
Haveacupoftea,willyou?
Let'smeetatthestation,shallwe?
Whatalovelyday,isn'tit?
4.反意疑问句
1.Younevertoldushisphonenumber,_______?
A.hadn'tyouB.didn'tyouC.hadyouD.didyou
答案D
2.Idon'tthinkyou'veheardofhimbefore,________?
A.don'tIB.doIC.haveyouD.haven'tyou
答案C
3.Mountainscanbeverydangerous,________?
A.can'ttheyB.aren'ttheyC.don'ttheyC.won'tthey
答案A
4."Jillhasatoothache."
"It'sbeenhurtingherforquiteawhile,_______?
"
A.isn'titB.doesn'titC.wasn'titD.hasn'tit
答案D
5.Beginnershavetolearnfromtheirmistakes,_______they?
A.haven'tB.mustn'tC.don'tD.aren't
learnfrom从……学到
答案C
6."It'sawfullycoldthismorning."
"Yes,butit'snotcolderthanitwasyesterday,_______it?
"
A.wasn'tB.isn'tC.isD.was
答案C
7.Let'stryabitharder,_______?
A.willweB.shallweC.doweD.arewe
答案B
(三)祈使句
祈使句表示请求、命令、叮嘱、号召等,主语一般是you,在句子中省略,谓语动词用原形,否定一般在谓语前加don't。
如:
Let'snotwastetimearguingaboutit.(wastetimedoing)
Besuretocomeherebeforenine.
Don'tdothatagain.
Don'thesitatietoturntomeifyouareintrouble.(turntosb.向某人求助)
(四)感叹句
感叹句表示说话人的惊异、喜悦、气愤等情绪,一般由what或how引导,what修饰名词,how修饰形容词或副词。
What+n.;How+adj.如:
Whatgoodnewsitis!
Howgoodthenewsis!
Whatsillyquestionsyouasked!
Howsillythequestionsyouasked!
WhatabadmemoryI'vegot!
Ievenforgottobringthebookwithme.
HowbadthememoryI'vegot!
Look!
_______lovelydayitis!
A.WhatB.HowC.WhataD.Howa
(答案C)
句法部分的一个重要考核点是反意疑问句。
其提问部分的助动词和主语(往往是代词)应该与前半句一致,回答部分前后应保持一致。
如:
1.YournameisMary,_______?
A.aren'tyouB.isitC.isn'titD.areyou
(答案C)
2.Johnstudiesinastateuniversity,_________he?
A.donotB.doesC.doesn'tD.do
(答案C)
3."Shewasn'tinwhenherhusbandcame,wasshe?
"
"______,butshereturnedafewminuteslater."
A.No,shewasB.No,shewasn't
C.Yes,shewasD.Yes,shewasn't
(答案B)
此外,考生应注意句型let's…,其后面往往用shallwe提问。
如:
Let'sdothecleaningrightafterclass,_____?
A.willyouB.shallweC.doyouD.canwe
(答案B)
另一类需引起注意的句子是感叹句。
感叹句的引导词是what(修饰名词)或how(修饰形容词、副词),考生应特别注意what修饰的名词,看它是可数还是不可数,是单数还是复数,若是单数,前面往往需加不定冠词。
1._______wonderfulbirthdayIamhaving!
A.WhatB.WhataC.HowD.Howmuch
答案B
2.________lovelyweatherwehavebeenhavingthesedays!
A.HowB.WhatC.HowaD.Whata
答案B
3.Howlovelytheyare!
二、按结构分类
考试大纲要求:
句子按结构分类可分为简单句、并列句和复合句
(一)简单句
只包含一个主谓结构,而句子各个成分都由单词或短语构成的句子叫做简单句。
如:
I'mgoingtotheGreatWalltomorrow.
(二)并列句
包含两个或两个以上互不依从的简单句的句子叫并列句。
并列句中的分句通常用逗号、分号或并列连词连接起来。
如:
I'dliketotravelintheholidays,butmywifeinsistsongoingtoherparents'home.
Therewasnonews;nevertheless,hewentonhoping.(goondoingsth.继续做某事)
(三)复合句
大纲要求:
(1)主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的构成及其常用关联词;
(2)定语从句的种类、构成及常用关联词;
(3)状语从句的种类及其常用关联词。
它指的是包含两个和两个以上的主谓结构的句子,其中至少有一个主谓结构充当句子的某个成份。
比如当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等,这个主谓结构就称为从句,所有从句都要用陈述句句序。
1.主语从句
主语不是一个词而是一个句子,它因为有这个主句了,所以主语这个句子叫从句。
主语从句可以位于句首,也可以位于句子的尾部,而在句首一般用it做它的形式主语,引导主语从句的关连有that和whether
这两个都是不能省略的。
Whatshedidisnotyetknow.
Itiscertainthatweshellbelate.
Itiscurttohimthathehadforgottobuythebook.
Howtheprisonerisescapeisacompletesecret.
1.______atthemeetingyesterdayisofgreatimportancetothedevelopmentofourbusiness.
A.ThatwediscussedB.Whatwediscussed
C.HowdidwediscussD.Whatdidwediscuss
答案B
(beofimportance=beimportant)
2._______yousaynowcan'tmakeupforwhatyou'vedone.
A.NomatterB.WhateverC.HoweverD.That
makeupfor为……补偿
答案B
3._______wasonceregardedasimpossiblehasnowbecomeareality.
A.ThatB.WhichC.WhoD.What
答案D
4._______youdo,doitwell.
A.WhatB.WhichC.ThatD.Whatever
which不能引导主语从句。
whatever=nomatterwhat
答案D
5.__________theprisonerescapedisamystery.
A.WhatB.HowC.ThatD.Which
引导主语从句的关联词是that,whether和疑问词。
答案B
2.宾语从句
引导宾语从句的关联词与主语从句基本相同。
关联词that一般可以省略,whether一般可与if("是否")互换。
宾语从句有时也可以放在句子的后部,而在前面用it作形式宾语。
宾语从句还可以接在介词后面。
Theytoldusagainthatthesituationwasserious.
Idoubtwhetherhewillcome.
Idon'tknowifyoucouldhelpmetomorrow.
Weallthoughtitapitythatyouhadfailedtheexam.
1.Thephotoswillshowyou_______.
A.whatdoesthehouselooklikeB.whatthehouselookslike
C.howdoesthehouselooklikeD.howthehouselookslike
答案B
2.Ihope______myletter.
A.hertoanswerB.thatsheshouldanswer
C.thatshewillanswerD.heranswering
hopetodosth.
hope+that从句。
将来时用will。
Shehopestoworkinthiscompany.
答案C
3.Theseapplesareveryexpensive.Doyouknow_______?
A.howdotheycostB.howmanydotheycost
C.howmuchdotheycostD.howmuchtheycost
答案D
4.ThestoryofJonarimplies_________lovecannotbeseparatedfromresponsibility.
A.howB.ifC.thatD.whether
答案C
separatefrom和……分开
5.Hewondered________.
A.whatwillbehiswife'sreactionB.whatwouldhiswife'sreactionbeC.whathiswife'sreactionwouldbeD.howwouldbehiswife'sreaction
答案C
6.ThefatladyaskedAlex_______hewantedsomethingtoeat.
A.whatB.ifC.thatD.which
答案B
7.Theteacheraskedme________.
A.whetherornotIhadfinishedmyworkB.didIfinishmyworkornotC.ismyworkfinishedornotD.ifornotIhavefinishedmywork
答案A
whetherornot
8.AlthoughIexpectedsomethingdifferent,Iwasstillsurprisedby_______hesaid.
A.whatB.whichC.thatD.how
答案A
修饰不定代词的形容词放在不定代词后面。
人做主语surprise用过去分词做表语。
9.Idon'tknowhisaddressexcept________itwasLeadenhallStreet.
A.thatB.whetherC.whatD.where
答案A
10.Mr.Lambdidnotknow_______heshouldrenewthelease(租约)ornot.
A.whatB.whetherC.ifD.which
答案B
3.表语从句
表语从句与宾语从句基本相同。
如:
Theproblemiswhowecangettoreplaceher.
That'swhywehadtoputoffthemeeting.(putoff:
延期)
1.ThereasonwhyIdidn'tgotoFrancewas_______anewjob.
A.becauseIgotB.becauseofgetting
C.duetoD.thatIgot
duetosth./sb.:
becauseofsth./sb.由于某事物/某人
Theteam'ssuccesswaslargelyduetoherefforts.该队的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。
Hewaslateduetotheveryheavytraffic.他迟到是因为交通拥挤。
答案D
2.Heworkstoohard.Thatis_______iswrongwithhim.
A.thatwhichB.thewhatC.whatD.thethingwhat
答案C
3.Onereasonwhywomenlivelongerthanmenafterretirementis______womencancontinuetodosomethingtheyareusedtodoing.
A.becauseB.forC.sinceD.that
beusedtodoing
答案D
4.同位语从句
同位语从句常位于idea,fact,news,fear,belief,doubt,proof,evidence等名词后面,对这些名词作进一步解释。
同位语从句大多由关联词that引导(that不可以省略)。
如:
Thefactthatthemoneyhasgonedoesnotmeanitwasstolen.
Haveyouheardthenewsthatwewillhaveapicnicnextweek?
Therecanbenodoubtthatmybrotherisqualifiedforthejob.
Wheredidyougettheideathattheclasswouldbecancelled?
Sofarthereisnoproof_______spaceshipsfromotherplanetsdoexist.
A.whichB.thatC.howD.what
答案B
5.定语从句
定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
限定性定语从句是句子不可缺少的一部分,没有它,句子不能成立,或意思不清楚,不说明问题。
非限定性定语从句只对其修饰的部分作进一步的说明,没有它句子其他部分仍然可以成立。
非限定性定语从句常用逗号与前面的部分隔开。
5.定语从句
1)修饰人的定语从句
who主语/宾语(口语中,可省略)
that主语/宾语(可省略,前面不能有介词)
whom宾语(前面没有介词时可省略)
whose定语
Doyouknowthepersontowhomheistalking?
Doyouknowtheperson(whom/that)heistalkingto?
Heistheman(who/whom/that)youcanrelyon.
Heisthemanonwhomyoucanrely.
Doyouknowthewomanwho(that)iswatchingTV?
You'retheonlyonewhoseadvicehemightlistento.
Thegirlswhosenameswerecalledstoodup.
Hereistheman(whom/that)you'vebeenlookingfor.
Heisamanonwhomyoucansafelydepend.
2)修饰物的定语从句
如果修饰的词是物,而它在定语从句中做主语,则可以用that和which。
如果修饰的词是物,而它在定语从句中做宾语,则可以用that(可省略,前面不能有介词)和which(前面没有介词时可省略)。
whose后接名词做定语。
Shewasn'tonthetrainwhich/thatarrivedjustnow.
Thedogwhich/thatwaslosthasbeenfound.
Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe'vehadsomuchdiscussion.
Thisisthequestion(that/which)we'vehadsomuchdiscussionabout.
Thenovel(that/which)herecommendedisworthreading.