高考英语真题分类汇编专题11说明文类阅读理解.docx

高考英语真题分类汇编专题11说明文类阅读理解.docx

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高考英语真题分类汇编专题11说明文类阅读理解

2018年高考英语真题分类汇编专题11：

说明文类阅读理解

一、阅读理解（共12题；共90分）

1.（2018•卷Ⅰ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

C

   Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit（联系）groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.   

   Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.

   Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber（中位数）ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.

  Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction（消亡）,withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon（eightremainingspeakers）,ChiapanecoinMexico（150）,LipanApacheintheUnitedStates（twoorthree）orWadjiguinAustralia（one,withaquestion-mark）:

noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.

（1）Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?

A. Theydevelopedveryfast.                                B. Theywerelargeinnumber.

C. Theyhadsimilarpatterns.                               

D. Theywerecloselyconnected.

（2）Whichofthefollowingbestexplains"dominant"underlinedinparagraph2?

A. Complex.                         

B. Advanced                         

C. Powerful.                         

D. Modern.

（3）Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?

A. About6,800.                  B. About3,400.                  C. About2,400.                  D. About1,200.

（4）Whatisthemainideaofthetext?

A. Newlanguageswillbecreated.                      

B. People'slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.

C. Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.        

D. Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.

【答案】

（1）B

（2）C

（3）B

（4）C

【考点】主旨大意题，词义猜测题，细节理解题，社会文化类，说明文

【解析】【分析】本文属于社科类说明文，介绍了世界语言随着人类的发展，许多语种已消失或正面临灭绝，世界语言种类越来越少。

⑴B 推理判断。

第一段第二三句Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknitgroupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother。

故答案为B。

⑵C 词义猜测。

根据第二段划线部分句子句中的suchasEnglishSpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover 可知，强大的语言如英语，西班牙语和汉语正在快速地接管，与前一句许多语言消失形成对比。

故答案为C。

⑶B 细节计算。

根据倒数第二段第一句知现在世界语言种类总数有6800，及最后一句halfofthetotalworldlanguages可知6800的一半即3400，故答案为B。

⑷C 主旨大意。

第一段讲述了多年来语言的发展有新的语言产生也有一些语言消失，在人类以打猎为生的时代，语言种类很多;第二段主要描述了随着人类过上定居生活，语言的种类就逐渐减少，特别是近几十年来商业化，工业化及全球化的发展导致许多小语种消亡，许多语言被强大的英语汉语等取代;第三段介绍了世界6800多种语言的地理分布情况最后讲述了400多种语言正面临消亡。

故答案为C

【点评】本文属于说明文，阅读时在文章首段确定文章的中心句，然后快速浏览文章内容。

阅读问题，找到问题中的关键词。

在文章中定位问题中的关键词，答案就在关键词附近。

2.（2018•卷Ⅰ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

D

   Wemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices（装置）wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment–andourwallets–astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.

   Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife–fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyuseevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsande-readersshowedupin2007.

   Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn'tthrowoutouroldones."TheLiving-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekid'sroom,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,"saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We'renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices-wecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt'steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTV'swithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions（排放）morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.

   Sowhat'sthesolution（解决方案）?

Theteam'sdataonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontablesinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.

（1）Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?

A. Theyareenvironment-friendly.                       B. Theyarenobetterthantheold.

C. Theycostmoretouseathome.                     

D. Theygooutofstylequickly.

（2）WhydidBabbitt'steamconducttheresearch?

A. Toreducethecostofminerals.                       B. Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.

C. Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.        

D. Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices.

（3）Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy?

A. Thebox-setTV.            

B. Thetablet.            

C. TheLCDTV.            

D. Thedesktopcomputer.

（4）Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?

A. Stopusingthem.           

B. Takethemapart.           

C. Upgradethem.           

D. Recyclethem.

【答案】

（1）A

（2）D

（3）B

（4）A

【考点】推理判断题，细节理解题，科普环保类，说明文

【解析】【分析】这是一篇科普环保类阅读。

文章介绍了人们继续使用一些老旧电器对环境的坏处，这不仅增加能源的消耗，而且也不利于环保，因此作者建议及时更新那些过时的电子设备。

⑴A 推理判断。

根据第1段最后一句…astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.这些过时的装置比新装置消耗更多的能量，因而判断新装置消耗的能量少，所以环保。

故答案为A。

⑵D 细节理解。

根据第2段第一句Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,…故选D，为了查明这些装置的电消耗量。

⑶B 细节理解。

由整个文章的最后一句Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscutenergyconsumptionby44%.可知在tablets（平板电脑）而不是电视和台式电脑上观看娱乐节目能够减少44%的能源消耗。

故平板电脑使用最少的能源，选B。

⑷A 细节理解题。

根据最后一段第二句…buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronics…及最后一句Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscutenergyconsumptionby44%.研究者们探索用新电器代替旧产品，结果发现新的装置能够减少44%的能源消耗。

故选A。

【点评】本文属于说明文，阅读时在文章首段确定文章的中心句，然后快速浏览文章内容。

阅读问题，找到问题中的关键词。

在文章中定位问题中的关键词，答案就在关键词附近。

3.（2018•卷Ⅱ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

C

   Teensandyoungerchildrenarereadingalotlessforfun,accordingtoaCommonSenseMediareportpublishedMonday.

   Whilethedeclineoverthepastdecadeissteepforteenreaders,somedatainthereportshowsthatreadingremainsabigpartofmanychildren'slives,andindicateshowparentsmighthelpencouragemorereading.

   Accordingtothereport'skeyfindings,"theproportion（比例）whosaythey'hardlyever'readforfunhasgonefrom8percentof13-year-oldsand9percentof17-year-oldsin1984to22percentand27percentrespectivelytoday."

   Thereportdatashowsthatpleasurereadinglevelsforyoungerchildren,ages2-8,remainlargelythesame.Buttheamountoftimespentinreadingeachsessionhasdeclined,fromclosertoanhourormoretoclosertoahalfhourpersession.

   Whenitcomestotechnologyandreading,thereportdoeslittletocounsel（建议）parenstlookingfordataabouttheeffectofe-readersandtabletsonreading.Itdoespointoutthatmanyparentsstilllimitelectronicreading,mainlyduetoconcernsaboutincreasedscreentime.

   Themosthopefuldatasharedinthereportshowsclearevidenceofparentsservingasexamplesandimportantguidesfortheirkidswhenitcomestoreading.Datashowsthatkidsandteenswhodoreadfrequently,comparedtoinfrequentreaders,havemorebooksinthehome,morebookspurchasedforthem,parentswhoreadmoreoften,andparentswhosetasidetimeforthemtoread.

   Astheendofschoolapproaches,andschoolvacationreadinglistsloom（逼近）ahead,parentsmighttakethischancetostepinandmaketheirownsummerreadinglistandplanafamilytriptothelibraryorbookstore.

（1）WhatistheCommonSenseMediareportprobablyabout?

A. Children'sreadinghabits.                                

B. Qualityofchildren'sbooks.

C. Children'safter-classactivities.                       

D. Parent-childrelationships.

（2）Wherecanyoufindthedatathatbestsupports"childrenarereadingalotlessforfun"?

A. Inparagraph2.            

B. Inparagraph3.            

C. Inparagraph4.            

D. Inparagraph5.

（3）Whydomanyparentslimitelectronicreading?

A. E-booksareofpoorquality.                            B. Itcou