完整版英语连词.docx
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完整版英语连词
Ⅰ.连词的分类
1264从形式上看,连词可以分为简单连词(SimpleConjunctions),如:
and,but,if;副词连词(AdverbialConjunctions),如:
then,besides,still;短语连词(Conjunction-Phrases),如:
asyet,orrather,ontheother
hand;和关联连词(CorrelativeConjunctions),如:
so…that…,either…or…,noton-ly…but…间或后面跟某种副词,如:
and…aswell,but…allthe
same。
1265根据用法,连词可以分为并列连词(CoordinateConjunc-tions),如:
and,but,besides,和从属连词(SubordinateCon-junctions),如:
than,then,if。
Ⅱ.并列连词
A.并列连词的一般特点
1.并列连词连接单词、短语或分句
1266并列连词(下面的黑体字)用来连接两个或更多的a.单词;
b.短语,c.单词及短语,d.分句(见下面的斜体字);
a.heishealthyandhandsome.(单词与单词)
Hecameandsatdownandspoketome.
b.Thebutterfliesflewoverourheadsandabouttheflowers.(短语及短语)
Theywanttowinthewar,buttopaynoprice.
Welivedinthecountryside,merelyreadingnovels,(or)playing
games,ortellingstories.
c.Ifeelfunnyandoutofsorts.(单词及短语)
Ideclarethisseriouslyandwithconfidence.
Idevotemysparetimetomusic,books,orplayingten-nis.
.(分句及分句)Iplayedtheviolinandshesang.d
Iwanttogotocollegebutmyparentswantmetogetmarried.
Donotmoveoryouareadeadman.
Iknowthathehasbeenarrestedandthatheisinprison.(名词从句及名词从句)
e.Let'stakehimtothehospitalorsomething.(分句及单词)(少见)
Youcandoanythingyoulikeandwelcome.
2.并列连词连接同一级别的词
1267从上面例句中可以看出,并列连词必须连接同一词类的词:
在a组例句中连接形容词与形容词,动词与动词,副词与副词;在b组例句中,连接介词短语与介词短语,不定式短语与不定式短语,分词短语与分词短语;在c组例句中,连接单词与短语——形容词与形容词短语,副词与副词短语,名词与名词短语;在d组例句中,连接分句与分句,名词从句与名词从句;在e组例句中,连接单词或短语与分句,但这种连接法是例外情况。
3.关联连词
1268a.关联连词(下面例句中的黑体字)必须放在它所连接的两个词(组)中间,b.除了连词外,还有某些副词或副词短语(见下面斜体字)可放在第一词(组)之前,c.这些副词或副词短语间或放在第二词(组)后面。
这种与副词或副词短语一起用的连词称为关联连词。
a.JohnandMaryaremychildren.
Helooksdirtybuthappy.
b.Heisatoncehonestandclever.
Onemustbeeitherhard-workingoreconomical.
Heisnotonly(ornotjust)asoldier,butalsoawriter.
Ontheonehandhetriedtosmuggledrugs,andontheotherhetried
tobribetheofficials.
Ihavenever(副词可以放在分句内而不是放在它前面)beeninAfrica,norhasmybrother.
.too,Heishonestandclever.c
Thatisnotcheapandnotusefuleither.
Hehadfailedseveraltimes,buthepersistedinhisplanallthesame.
4.并列连词前的标点
1269在并列连词前应用什么标点?
a.单纯的简单并列连词为数不多,只有and,but,or(nor),so.在它们连接较长句时,前面通常加一个逗号:
Iwentandhereturn.但是—IwenttoEuropeonbusinesslastspring,andhereturnedfromEuropethissummer.
Itisneithereasynordifficult.但是—NeithercanIexpressmy
opinion,norcanhesayanything.
b.副词连词是那些同时用作副词和连词的词。
它们只用来连接分句,而不连接单词或短语。
(但前面若有单纯连词,它们也可以连接单词或短语。
)它们前面可加逗号或分号:
Herarelymeetspeople,[或;]thereforehefeelsshy.
Heisyoung,[或;]howeverheknowsmorethanheseemsto.
Hehaslivedonthisislandforthirtyyears,[或;]besides
hehasmarriedanativewoman.
Hehasseenmuchoftheworld,[或;]stillheiseagertoseemore.
单纯连词常可放在副词连词前面,这时它前面可加逗号:
Herarelymeetspeople,andthereforehefeelsshy.
Hehasseenmuchoftheworld,butstillheiseagertoseemore.
但若两个分句(或其中一个)中有一逗号,则应用分号代替逗号:
Herarelymeetspeople,eitherboysorgirls;thereforehefeelsshy.
He'syoung;however,heknowsmorethanheseemsto.
Unlikehisbrother,hehasseenmuchoftheworld;stillheiseager,.toseemore,ifpossible
副词连词和短语连词(不包括and,but及or)有时可放在主语后面。
这时这个主语前面应用一个分号,甚至句号:
Johnisseriouslyill.Someofhisbestfriendsandrelatives,therefore,arecomingtoseehim.
Thestormwasterrible;fewhouses,however,weredamaged.
Hemademanymistakes;hisyoungersister,ontheotherhand,made
veryfew.
Notonlyhersondied;sheherselfwentmad,too(oraswell).(这两个词特意放在句末)
c.并列连词若有意把前面一系列句子(看作一个整体)和后面的一个或几个句子(看作一个整体)连接起来,则此并列连词前面还可用句号:
Bobgotupatfiveeverymorning.Hewouldreadnewspaperswhile
eatinghisbreakfast.Itwasabouteightwhenhestartedfortheoffice.But
todayisSunday.Hewantstosleepasmuchaspossible.
d.有时一串平行的短句可用逗号连接起来,而不用连词,看起来是像逗号的滥用,然而却是对的:
Weneedwisdom,weneedmoney,weneedpower.
Onechildisn'tenough,twoarejustright,threearetoomuch.
Pauperswanttoberichmen,richmenwanttobekings,kingswant
tobegods.
B.连系连词
1270并列连词有6种,它们是:
连系连词(CopulativeConjunctions),选择连词(alternativeConjunctions),相反连词(AdversativeConjunctions),推论连词(IllativeConjunctions),解释连词(ExplanatoryConjunctions)和列举连词(Particular-izingConjunctions)。
1271连系连词,亦称“and-连词”,表示“加上”。
1.连系连词可连接单词或短语:
a.Heishonest(形容词)andintelligent(形容词).(and连接同一词类的词).
Hediditquickly(副词)andeffectively(副词).
Honesty(名词)andwisdom(名词)areessentialtosuccess.
Wetalked(动词)andlaughed(动词)anddrank(动词).
Ourgovernmentisof(介词)thepeople,(and)by(介词)thepeople
andfor(介词)thepeople.
b.Anovelmustbeinteresting
andinstructive
连接三四样东西有几种方式,and用(.注意语调。
).
Anovelmustbeinteresting,
andinstruc-tiveexciting
.
Anovelmustbeinteresting,
tive-,excitinginstruc
.
Anovelmustbeinterestingand
structive-andinexciting
.
Anovelmustbeinterestingand
,instrucexciting-tive
andencouraging
.
c.Heb