期末考试英语复习.docx
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期末考试英语复习
期末考试英语复习
Test1Passageone
Peoplecanbeaddictedtodifferentthings—e.g.,alcohol,drugs,certainfoods,oreventelevision.Peoplewhohavesuchanaddictionarecompulsive(强迫性的):
i.e.,theyhaveaverypowerfulpsychologicalneedthattheyfeeltheymustsatisfy.Accordingtopsychologists,manypeoplearecompulsivespenders.Theyfeelthattheymustspendmoney.Thiscompulsion,likemostothers,isirrational—impossibletoexplainreasonably.Forcompulsivespenderswhobuyoncredit(赊欠),chargeaccounts(赊购账户),areevenmoreexcitingthanmoney.Inotherwords,compulsivespendersfeelthatwithcredittheycandoanything.Theirpleasureinspendingenormousamountsisactuallygreaterthanthepleasurethattheygetfromthethingstheybuy.
Thereisevenaspecialpsychologyofbargain(特价商品)hunting.Tosavemoney,ofcourse,mostpeoplelookforsales,lowprices,anddiscounts.Compulsivebargainhunters,however,oftenbuythingsthattheydon’tneedjustbecausetheyarecheap.Theywanttobelievethattheyarehelpingtheirbudgets,buttheyarereallyplayinganexcitinggame.Whentheycanbuysomethingforlessthanotherpeople,theyfeeltheyarewinning.Mostpeople,expertsclaim,havetworeasonsfortheirbehavior:
agoodreasonforthethingstheydoandtherealreason.
Itisnotonlyscientists,ofcourse,whounderstandthepsychologyofspendinghabits,butalsobusinesspeople.Stores,companiesandadvertisersusepsychologytoincreasebusiness:
Theyconsiderpeople’sneedsforlove,power,orinfluence,theirbasicvalues,theirbeliefsandopinions,andsoonintheiradvertisingandsalesmethod.
Psychologistsoftenuseamethodcalled“behaviortherapy”(疗法)tohelpindividualssolvetheirpersonalityproblems.Inthesameway,theycanhelppeoplewhofeelthattheyhaveproblemswithmoney.
1.Accordingtothepsychologists,acompulsivespenderisonewhospendslargeamountsofmoney.
C)justtomeethisorherstrongpsychologicalneed
2.Accordingtotheauthor,compulsivebargainhuntersareinconstantsearchofthelowestpossibleprices.
D)buttheyseldomadmittheyfeelsatisfiediftheycangetthingsforlessthanothers
3.Whichofthefollowingistrue?
.
B)Businesspeopleandadvertiserscanusethepsychologyofmoneytoincreasesales.
4.Thearticleismainlyabout.
A)thepsychologyofmoney-spendinghabits
5.Fromthepassagewemaysafelyconcludethatcompulsivespendersorcompulsivebargainhunters.
B)needspecialtreatment
Passagetwo
Overthepast600years,Englishhasgrownfromalanguageoffewspeakerstobecomethedominantlanguageofinternationalcommunication.Englishasweknowittodayemergedaround1350,afterhavingincorporatedmanyelementsofFrenchthatwereintroducedfollowingtheNormaninvasionof1066.Untilthe1600s,Englishwas,forthemostpart,spokenonlyinEnglandandhadnotextendedevenasfarasWales,Scotland,orIreland.However,duringthecourseofthenexttwocenturies,Englishbegantospreadaroundtheglobeasaresultofexploration,trade(includingslavetrade),colonizationandmissionarywork.Thus,smallenclaves(聚居地)ofEnglishspeakersbecameestablishedandgrewinvariouspartsoftheworld.Asthesecommunitiesproliferated,Englishgraduallybecametheprimarylanguageofinternationalbusiness,banking,anddiplomacy.
Thencamethe20thcenturyanditsburstoftechnology.Suddenlypeopleweretalkingacrossoceans,flyingacrosscontinents,hearingbroadcaststhatreverberatedaroundtheplanet.Languagespreadfasterthanever.TheworldwarscarriedAmericanandBritishsoldiersaroundtheworld,pollinatingEnglishastheywent.WhenWorldWarⅡended,theEnglishlanguagewasbarreling(高速行驶)forwardontheshouldersofAmericancapitalism---McDonald’sandCoca-Cola,RamboandMTV,munitions(军火)andcomputertechnology.
Currently,about80percentoftheinformationstoredoncomputersystemsworldwideisinEnglish.Two-thirdsoftheworld’ssciencewritingisinEnglish,andEnglishisthemainlanguageoftechnology,advertising,media,internationalairports,andairtrafficcontrollers.Todaytherearemorethan700millionEnglishusersintheworld,andoverhalfofthesearenon-nativespeakers,constitutingthelargestnumberofnon-nativeusersthananyotherlanguageintheworld.
1.Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?
A)TheexpansionofEnglishasaninternationallanguage.
2.ApproximatelywhendidEnglishbegintobeusedbeyondEngland?
D)After1600.
3.Asusedinthesecondparagraph,theword“pollinating”ismostsimilarinmeaningto.
D)“disseminating”
4.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingcontributedtothespreadofEnglisharoundtheworldEXCEPT.
B)theNormaninvasion
5.Accordingtothispassage,approximatelyhowmanynon-nativeusersofEnglisharethereintheworldtoday?
C)350million
Test3Passageone
TheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearch,themostprestigioushighschoolsciencecontestinthenation,waslaunchedtoidentifyyoungscientifictalent,andithasbeendoingsowithremarkableprecisionsince1941.Everyyear,approximately1,700studentsfromaroundthecountrypolishoffprojectstheyhavebeenworkingonforaslongastwoyears,andsendinareporttothecontestofficials.Simplyenteringthecontestisanimpressiveachievementforahighschooljunior.Itmeansthatthestudenthasspenthundredsofhoursprobingascientificquestionortestingatheoryaboutwhichhehaswrittenascientificpaperofnear-professionalquality.Thetop300studentsbecomesemifinals,andfromthisgroup,40areselectedtobringtheirprojectstoWashington.Tenprojectsarethenselectedasthebestinthefinalroundofjudging.The40finalistsgetatleast$1,000fortheireffort,andthetopstudentreceivesa$40,000scholarship.Mostofthewinners,fromsemifinalsup,areguaranteedadmissiontothecollegeoftheirchoice.
Fromtheverystart,thiscontestwasdifferentfromtraditionalsciencefair.Itsgoalwasnotsimplytochoosethebestprojectbuttolocatethebestpotentialscientists.Thedistinctionisanimportantone.Thecontesthasanumberoffeaturesthattestthemettleofthestudentsaswellastheprojects.Itendeavorstoexplorethenimblenessandoriginalityofthemindsbehindtheprojects,ratherthanjustrewardingtheboldnessoftheexperiment.Thecontest’sunderlyingphilosophyisthatstudentsdiscovertheirscientifictalentsbyworkingonscience,notbylisteningtolecturesinaclassroom.
1.TheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchis.
C)arespectedhighschoolsciencecontestintheU.S.
2.Accordingtothepassage,theaimoftheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchhasalwaysbeen.
A)todiscoveryoungscientifictalents
3.TheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchdiffersfromtraditionalsciencecontestsinthat.
D)itintendstofindthebestpotentialscientists
4.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.
B)theparticipantsintheWestinghouseSearchdiscoverandexploittheirtalentsbydevelopingtheirownscientificprojects
5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthortakesa
attitudetowardstheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearch.
A)positive
Passagetwo
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Mosttypicalhistorycoursesconcentrateonpolitics,economics,andwar.Butarthistoryfocusesonmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeople,butalsoreligiousbeliefs,emotions,andpsychology.Inaddition,informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourancestors–orofpeopleverydifferentfromourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshort,artexpressestheessentialqualitiesofatimeandaplace,andastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthancanbefoundinmosthistorybooks.
Inhistorybooks,objectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryispresented:
thatis,factsaboutpoliticsaregiven,butopinionsarenotexpressed.Art,ontheotherhand,issubjective:
itreflectsemotionsandopinions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyawasperhapsthefirsttruly“political”artist.Inhiswell-knownpaintingTheThirdofMay,1808,hecriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforitsmisuseofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslater,symbolicimageswereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuernicatoexpressthehorrorofwar.Meanwhile,onanothercontinent,thepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRivera,JoseClementeOrozco,andDavidAlfaroSiqueiros–aswellastheworksofAlfredoRamosMartinez–depictedtheseMexicanartists’deepangerandsadnessaboutsocialproblems.
Inthesameway,artcanreflectaculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEurope,religiousartwasalmosttheonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.Althoughmostpeoplecouldn’tread,theycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.Bycontrast,oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwas(andstillis)itsabsenceofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamic(伊斯兰教)beliefthatstatuesareunholy.
1.Morecanbelearnedaboutaculturefromastudyofarthistorythangeneralhistorybecausearthistory.
D)alloftheabove
2.Artissubjectiveinthat.
A)apersonalandemotionalviewofhistoryispresentedthroughit
3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?
D)IntheMiddleEasteventodayyoucanhardlyfindanyhumanandanimalfiguresonpalacesorotherbuildings.
4.Thepassagemainlydiscusses.
A)thedifferencebetweengen