造纸原理与工程英文复习题答案.docx

造纸原理与工程英文复习题答案.docx

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造纸原理与工程英文复习题答案

造纸原理与工程英文复习题（答案）

填空：

纸是一种特殊的材料，是由纤维（主要是植物纤维）和其他固体颗粒物质（如胶料、填料、助剂等非纤维添加物质）交织结合而成的、具有多孔性网状物性质的特殊薄张材料。

Thepaperandpaperboardcanbedevidedinto4gradesaccordingtotheindustrialandconsumerpurposes,culturalpaper,packagingpaper,technicalpaper,domesticpaper。

Thepaperandpaperboardmanufacturingtechnologiescanbeclassifiedintowetforminganddryingforming。

打浆的主要任务是：

1）对水中纤维悬浮液进行机械等处理，使纤维受到剪切力，改变纤维的形态，使纸浆获得某些特征（如机械强度、物理性能）。

2）控制纸料在网上的滤水性能，以适应造纸机生产的需要，使纸幅获得良好的成型，改善纸页的匀度和强度。

打浆对纤维的作用包括：

细胞壁的位移和变形、初生壁和次生壁外层的破除、吸水润胀、细纤维化、切断、产生纤维碎片、使纤维扭曲、卷曲、压缩和伸长以及半纤维素的溶解。

纤维的结合力包括4种，1）氢键结合力2）化学主价键力3）极性键吸引力4）表面交织力。

打浆的主要目的之一就是增加氢键结合力，从而提高成纸的强度。

氢键结合的条件是：

1）有游离羟基；2）两羟基之间的距离在0.28nm以内。

Theparametersofeffectrefiningare:

refiningintensity,consistency,temperature,pH,equipment.

Theparametersofthequalitycontrolfortherefiningprocessshouldinclude：

浓度（Consistency）、打浆度（Beatingdegree）、游离度（CanadaStandardFreeness）、纤维形态（Fibermorphology）、筛分（Fractionation）、保水值（WaterRetentionValue）。

贮浆池的形式有卧式和立式两种，现多用卧式浆池。

卧式浆池又可分为普通卧式浆池和方浆池。

Pleaselist4typeswetendchemicals:

filler,dyes,drystrengthagent,retentionaids.

施胶是使纸和纸板具有抗拒液体扩散和渗透的能力。

Sizingchemicaladditivesaredesignedforprovidingpaperandpaperboardwithresistancetoliquidwetting,penetration,andadsorption.

纸和纸板的施胶包括：

内部施胶internalsizing、表面施胶surfacingsizing和双重施胶。

AKDandASAarethetwomajorsizingagentsforthealkalinepapermakingsystem.

荧光增白剂的增白机理是：

发射可见光，吸收紫外光并将其转化为可见的蓝色或蓝紫色的荧光。

荧光增白剂可用于浆内、施胶或涂布。

造纸增干强剂，如淀粉starch、CPAM、CMC。

在造纸过程中，胶体吸附或聚集是细小组份留着的主要机理。

造成流送系统中周期性的压力脉冲主要是由冲浆泵和压力筛引起的。

纸料中存在的空气，其中以游离态的空气对纸料性质影响最大。

纸料的除气方法，包括化学法、机械法。

Theobjectivesofwetpressingare:

1）toremovewater2）toconsolidatetheweb3）toimprovethesheetquality.

HornificationcanbeexpressedbyWaterRetentionValue,itdeterminesthepapermachinespeedandpaperproperties.

Therearetwotypesofdewatering,pressurecontrolledandflowcontrolled.

Pressurecontrolledpressingmeansthatthedrynessincreaseswithhigherpressure.Flowcontrolledpressingmeansthatthereisaneedoftimetogethigherdryness.

Thewebtransfercanbedividedintotwogroups:

opendrawandclosedtransfer.

Thetypesofpressesincludeplainrolltype,suctionroll,groovedrollpress,blinddrilledpressroll,fabricpress,shoepress.

Theunitofbulkism3/kg,thestiffness、caliperandprintablityofthepapercanbeimprovedifbulkofthepaperisimproved.

Theconditioningofpressclothinginthepresscanbedividedintoanumberofgroups:

high-pressureshowers、pressnipconditioning、suctionboxes、chemicalcleaning、lubricatingshowers.

名词解释：

游离状打浆：

以降低纤维长度为主的一种打浆方式。

黏状打浆：

以纤维吸水润胀、细纤维化为主的打浆方式。

打浆比压：

单位打浆面积上所受的压力。

细小组份：

通过200目筛网（粒径约为75µm）的粒子。

高强微湍流：

湍动强度很高而湍动尺度较小的流态。

供浆系统的压力脉冲：

流送过程中能引起上网纸料浓度不均匀和体积流量变化造成纸页纵向定量波动的压力波动。

Pressimpulse：

Theproductofnipresidencetimeandnippressureiscalledpressimpulse.

Twosideness:

Differentdegreesofsurfaceroughnessonbothsidesofthesheet.

判断改正：

Fibercuttingisusuallyconsideredundesirablebecauseitresultsinslowerdrainageandlossofstrength.√

Asrefiningisincreased,thepulpsheetbecomesmorebulkybecauseoftheincreasedporosity.×

Asrefiningisincreased,thepulpsheetbecomeslessbulkybecauseofthereducedporosity.

ThelowerpHofthestock,theeasierrefiningprocesscanbemade.×

ThehigherpHofthestock,theeasierrefiningprocesscanbemade.

填料的留着是机械截留和胶体吸附综合作用的结果，并以机械截留作用为主。

×

填料的留着是机械截留和胶体吸附综合作用的结果，并以胶体吸附作用为主。

填料的留着，颗粒较大的填料是靠胶体吸附作用而留着，颗粒较小的填料是靠机械截留作用而留着。

×

填料的留着，颗粒较大的填料是靠机械截留作用而留着，颗粒较小的填料是靠胶体吸附作用而留着。

Flowcontrolledpressingmeansthatthedrynessincreaseswithhigherpressure.×

Pressurecontrolledpressingmeansthatthedrynessincreaseswithhigherpressure.

Pressurecontrolledpressingmeansthatthereisaneedoftimetogethigherdryness.×

Flowcontrolledpressingmeansthatthereisaneedoftimetogethigherdryness.

Atafixeddrynesslevelofwetweb,therollpresscanproducehigherbulkthanshoepress.×

Atafixeddrynesslevelofwetweb,therollpresscanproducelowerbulkthanshoepress.

Shoepresscangenerate4timesnipwidththantheconventionalpressroll,soshoepresshavemoreretentiontimeinthepressnip.√

Aincreaseof10℃yieldsanincrease1%-pointinsolidscontentafterthepressnip.√

问答题：

以氢键结合理论为基础阐述纸页强度形成过程。

根据此图，论述打浆与纸张性质的关系。

对比AKD和ASA施胶剂的异同。

1）AKD是烷基烯酮二聚物，ASA是烯基琥珀酸酐，ASA的反应性能更好。

2）AKD乳液的稳定性能更好，能保存几个月，ASA乳液的稳定性能较差，易水解，必须现场制备并立即使用。

3）ASA水解的产物如果留在纸页中会对纸页的施胶度有严重的影响。

4）ASA施胶纸页在离开纸机后立即实现施胶，AKD施胶的纸页往往需要更长的时间。

5）AKD和ASA的水解和与纤维的反应总是竞争的。

纸张加填的作用是什么？

1）节省纤维原料降低生产成本Reduceproductioncost-replacefiber

2）提高纸页的光学性能Improveopticalproperties-brightness,opacity

3）提高纸页的印刷适性Improveprintability

4）提高纸页的形状稳定性Improvesheetdimensionalstability

5）提高纸页的匀度Improvesheetformation

6）满足纸张某些特殊性能的要求Meetsomespecialpaperrequirements

7）树脂控制PitchControl

根据此图绘制供浆系统工艺流程图。

Explanationfourphasewetpressingmechanism（Verticaldewatering）.

Inphase1,thecompressionbegins.Airflowsoutofbothsheetandfeltuntilthesheetissaturated;nohydraulicpressureisbuiltup.

Inphase2,thesheetissaturatedandthebuildupofhydraulicpressurecausesmovementofwaterfrompaperintothefelt.Whenthefeltalsoreachessaturation,watermovesoutofthefelt.Phase2continuesuptothemid-nip,wheretotalpressurereachesmaximum.Ithasbeenshownthatthehydraulicpressurereachesamaximumpriortomid-nip.

Inphase3,thenipextendsuntilthefluidpressureinthepaperiszero;thiscorrespondstothepointofmaximumpaperdrynessinthenip.

Inthephase4,boththepaperandfeltexpandandthepaperbecomesunsaturated.Althoughanegativehydraulicpressureiscreatedinbothstructures,thevacuumisgreatestinthepaper,causingaflowofwatertoreturnfromfelttothepaper.

Whatisthepressimpulse?

Andhowtoimprovethepressimpulseinthepresssection?

Theproductofnipresidencetimeandnippressureiscalledpressimpulse.

Oneistoimprovethelinearload,thehigherlinearload,themorewateristakenout.Theotheristoimprovethenipresidencetime.Thenipresidencetineisdependentonthenipwidthandmachinespeed.Papermachinespeedisnotnormallyusedasanactivevariableforoptimizingpresssectionoperation.Thisleavesniplengthastheonlyparametertoaffectthenipresidencetime.Intheso-calledwidenippresses,theniphasbeenmadeconsiderablylongerthaninconventionalrollpressnips.Therearetwomainprinciplesofformingawidenip:

Usinghigh-diameterrollswithsoftcoverorarollandashoetoformanip.

答案

填空：

1Theobjectivesofwetpressingare:

1）toremovewater2）toconsolidatetheweb3）toimprovethesheetquality.

2HornificationcanbeexpressedbyWaterRetentionValue,itdeterminesthepapermachinespeedandpaperproperties.

3Therearetwotypesofdewatering,pressurecontrolledandflowcontrolled.

4Pressurecontrolledpressingmeansthatthedrynessincreaseswithhigherpressure.Flowcontrolledpressingmeansthatthereisaneedoftimetogethigherdryness.

5Thewebtransfercanbedividedintotwogroups:

opendrawandclosedtransfer.

6Thetypesofpressesincludeplainrolltype,suctionroll,groovedrollpress,blinddrilledpressroll,fabricpress,shoepress.

7Theunitofbulkism3/kg,thestiffness、caliperandprintablityofthepapercanbeimprovedifbulkofthepaperisimproved.

8Theconditioningofpressclothinginthepresscanbedividedintoanumberofgroups:

high-pressureshowers、pressnipconditioning、suctionboxes、chemicalcleaning、lubricatingshowers.

名词解释：

Pressimpulse：

Theproductofnipresidencetimeandnippressureiscalledpressimpulse.

Twosideness:

Differentdegreesofsurfaceroughnessonbothsidesofthesheet.

判断改正：

1Pressurecontrolledpressingmeansthatthedrynessincreaseswithhigherpressure.

2Flowcontrolledpressingmeansthatthereisaneedoftimetogethigherdryness.

3Atafixeddrynesslevelofwetweb,therollpresscanproducehigherbulkthanshoepress.

4Shoepresscangenerate4timesnipwidththantheconventionalpressroll,soshoepresshavemoreretentiontimeinthepressnip.

5Aincreaseof10℃yieldsanincrease1%-pointinsolidscontentafterthepressnip.√

问答题：

1Explanationfourphasewetpressingmechanism（Verticaldewatering）.

Inphase1,thecompressionbegins.Airflowsoutofbothsheetandfeltuntilthesheetissaturated;nohydraulicpressureisbuiltup.

Inphase2,thesheetissaturatedandthebuildupofhydraulicpressurecausesmovementofwaterfrompaperintothefelt.Whenthefeltalsoreachessaturation,watermovesoutofthefelt.Phase2continuesuptothemid-nip,wheretotalpressurereachesmaximum.Ithasbeenshownthatthehydraulicpressurereachesamaximumpriortomid-nip.

Inphase3,thenipextendsuntilthefluidpressureinthepaperiszero;thiscorrespondstothepointofmaximumpaperdrynessinthenip.

Inthephase4,boththepaperandfeltexpandandthepaperbecomesunsaturated.Althoughanegativehydraulicpressureiscreatedinbothstructures,thevacuumisgreatestinthepaper,causingaflowofwatertoreturnfromfelttothepaper.

2Whatisthepressimpulse?

Andhowtoimprovethepressimpulseinthepresssection?

Theproductofnipresidencetimeandnippressureiscalledpressimpulse.

Oneistoimprovethelinearload,thehigherlinearload,themorewateristakenout.Theotheristoimprovethenipresidencetime.Thenipresidencetineisdependentonthenipwidthandmachinespeed.Papermachinespeedisnotnormallyusedasanactivevariableforoptimizingpresssectionoperation.Thisleavesniplengthastheonlyparameterto