英语词汇学复习提纲.docx
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英语词汇学复习提纲
英语词汇学复习提纲
PartI概念题
1.(glossary)alistofthedifficultwordsusedinapieceofwritingorsubject,withexplanationsoftheirmeanings
2.(phrase)agroupofwordsthatformaunitwithinaclause
3.(expression)unclassifiedlinguisticunitofanylength:
words,phrases,sentences,paragraphs,etc.
4.(diction)thechoiceofwordsusedinaspeechorpieceofwriting
5.(vocabulary)wordsingeneralknown,learnt,used,etc.oralistofwords,usuallyinalphabeticalorderandwithexplanationsoftheirmeanings
6.(lexicon)allthewordsandphrasesinalanguageoradictionary
7.(lexis)allthewordsinalanguage
8.(word)thesmallestunitofspokenorwrittenlanguagewhichhasmeaningandcanstandalone
9.(Etymology)thestudyoforiginsanddevelopmentofwords
10.(Lexicography)thewritingandmakingofdictionaries
11.(Lexicalsemantics)thestudyofwordsandtheirmeanings
12.(lexicology)thestudyofmeaningsandusesofwords
13.(morphology)thestudyofhowwordsareformedinalanguage
14.(phraseology)thewordsandphrasesusedinaparticularprofessionoractivity,oraparticularwayofputtingwordstogethertoexpresssomething
15.(collocation)agroupofwordswhich"naturally"gotogetherthroughcommonusage
16.Morpheme:
thesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms
17.Root:
arootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.
18.Affix:
acollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.Itcanfurtherbedividedinflectionalandderivationaltypes.
19.Prefix:
aderivationaloraninflectionalaffixthatcanbeaddedtothebeginningofamorpheme.
20.Suffix:
aderivationalorinflectionalaffixthatcanbeaddedtotheendofamorpheme.
21.Compounding/composition:
awordformationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.
22.Derivation/affixation:
aword-formationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffixorbothtothebase.
23.Conversion:
aword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.
24.Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicaltermoraphrase;itispronounceletterbyletter.
25.Acronymsarewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,etc;theyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.
26.Blending/hybrid:
aword-formationprocessinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms.
27.Back-formation:
atermusedtorefertoaword-formationprocessbywhichashorterwordiscoinedbydeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage.
28.Clipping:
aword-formationprocessbywhichawordisshortenedbydeletingoneormoresyllablesfromaword(usuallyanoun),whichisalsoavailableinitsfullform.
29.Motivation:
referstotheconnectionbetweenwordsymbolanditssense.MostEnglishwordsarenon-motivated.Motivationcanariseinthreemajorways:
phoneticmotivation,morphologicalmotivationandsemanticmotivation.
30.Polysemy:
atermusedinsemanticanalysistorefertoalexicalitemwhichhasarangeofdifferentmeanings.
31.Homonyms:
wordsidenticalinsoundorspellingorbothbutdifferentinmeaning.
32.Synonyms:
wordsdifferinginsoundbutidenticalorsimilarinmeaning.
33.Antonyms:
wordsthatareoppositeinmeaning
34.Hyponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems,suchthattheformerisincludedinthelatter.
35.Contextinitsnarrowestsenseconsistsofthelexicalitemsthatcomeimmediatelybeforeandafteranywordinanactofcommunication.
36.Euphemism:
anactofusingagreeablelanguagewhenspeakingofanunpleasantorembarrassingfact(suchasdeath,disease,etc)andoftaboosubjects(suchassexandtheexcretiveprocessesofthebody).
37.Metaphor:
isafigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparisonbasedonassociationofsimilarity,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyusedforonethingisappliedtoanother,aprocesswhichoftenresultsinsemanticchangeorfigurativeextensionofmeaning.
38.Metonymy:
afigureofspeechbywhichanobjectorideaisdescribedbythenameofsomethingcloselyrelatedtoit.
PartII常用英语词汇学术语
Acronym首字母拼音词
Acronymy首字母拼音法
Affix词缀
Affixation词缀法
Antonym反义词
Antonymy反义关系
Back-formation逆构词,反成法
Blend拼缀词
Blending拼缀法
Collocation搭配,组合
Complementaries互补反义词
Completeantonym完全反义词
Composition复合法
Compounding复合构词法
Compoundword复合词、
Concept概念
Conceptualmeaning概念意义
Connotativemeaning内涵意义
Context语境
Conversion词类转换法
Denotativemeaning外延意义
Degradationofmeaning词义的降格
Derivation派生法
Elevationofmeaning词义的升格
Etymology词源学
Euphemism委婉语
Homonymy同音(形)异义
Hyponymy上下义关系
Idiom成语
Inflectionalaffix屈折词缀
Initialism:
首字母缩略词
Metaphor:
隐喻
Metonymy:
换喻,转喻,借代
Morpheme词素
Morphology词形学,形态学
Motivationofword词的理据
Neologism新词语
Onomatopoeicword拟声词
Phonetics语音学
Polysemy一词多义
Register语域
Root词根
Semanticfield语义场
Semantics语义学
Synonym同义词
Synonymy同义关系
Word-formation/building构词法
PartIIITrueorFalseStatements
1.Itisusualthatsomeaffixeshavefarmorefrequentproductiveusesthanothers.Therearesomesignificantrelationsbetweenaffixes,especiallyantonymy,aswithpre-andpost-,-fulland–less.(T)
2.Thoughmostprefixescanoccurasindependentwords,theycanonoccasionbedetachedtopermitcoordination,asinpre-andpost-hysterectomy.(F)
3.Compoundingcanoccuronlyinthreemainwordclasses,nounsandtoalesserextent,adjectivesand,toleastextent,verbs.(F)
4.Semantically,compoundscanoftenbeidentifiedashavingamainstressonthefirstelementandasecondarystressonthesecondelement.(F)
5.Englishcompoundscanbeanalyzedaccordingtodifferentcriteria,suchasorthographiccriteria,semanticcriteria,andphonologicalcriteria.(T)
6.Compoundscanbedividedintothreecategoriesaccordingtowordclasses:
nouncompounds,adjectivecompoundsandverbcompounds.(T)
7.Compoundsindicatetherelationsofthecompoundingelementsbysyntacticparaphrases.(T)
8.Conversionisthederivationalprocesswherebyanitemisadaptedorconvertedtoanewwordclasswithouttheadditionofanaffix.(T)
9.Conversionsfromverbtonounandfromverbtoadjectivearethemostproductivecategories.(F)
10.Therearetwotypesofconversion:
fullconversionandpartialconversion.(T)
11.Themostimportantkindsofalterationinconversionarethevoicingoffinalconsonants,andtheshiftofstress.(T)
12.Wordsformedthroughacronymyarecalledacronymsorinitialisms,dependingonthespellingofthenewwords.(F)
13.Back-formationisthemethodofcreatingnewwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.(T)
14.Motivationhasnothingtodowiththeexplanationforthereasonthataparticularformhasaparticularmeaning.(F)
15.Theconceptualmeaningofawordisoftenunstableandhardtodetermine.(F)
16.Byetymologicalmotivation,wemeanthatthemeaningofaparticularwordisrelatedtoitsorigin.(T)
17.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.(F)
18.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.(T)
19.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.(T)
20.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitswordsandphrasesputtogether.(F)
21.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudyhowthespeakersofalanguagechoosetheirwordstoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.(F)
22.Themeaningofanisolatedwordfromadictionaryisusuallyabstractandcontext-independent.(T)
23.Indo-EuropeanreferstothefamilylanguagesspokenoriginallyinEurope.(F)
24.LatinandFrenchbelongtothedifferentlanguagegroups.(F)
25.EnglishbelongstotheWest-GermaniclanguagegroupofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.(T)
26.ThefirstpeopleinEnglandaboutwhoselanguagewehavedefiniteknowledgearetheCelts.(T)
27.CertainGermanictribes,Angles,Saxons,FrisiansandJuteswerethefoundersoftheEnglishnation.(T)
28.OldEnglishhasmuchlessloanwordscomparedwithmodernEnglish.(T)
29.TheNormanConquestvirtuallyintroducedFrench-EnglishbilingualismintoEngland.(T)
30.Collocationistherelationshipbetweentwowordsorgroupsofwordsthatoftengotogetherandformacommonexpression.(T)
31.Collocationsarenottransparentinmeaning;thatis,themeaningofthewholecannotbeworkedoutfromthemeaningofeachofthewordsinit.(F)
32.Lexicalcollocationsnormallyconsistofnouns,adjectives,verbsandprepositions.(F)
33.Afixedlexicalcollocationisacollocationoftwoormoreco-occurringlexemesinanunchangingsyntacticandsemanticrelationship.(T)
34.ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguagebyDr.SamuelJohnsonin1755isasymbolformodernEnglishDictionary.(F)
35.Webster’stwo-volume1828dictionary,TheAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,publishedwhenhewas70yearsold,wasbyfarthelargestandthemostimpressivedictionaryproducedinAmericauptothattime.(T)
36.Frompronunciation,BritishdictionariesaswellasAmericanonesgenerallyuseInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.(IPA).(F)
37.Bilingualdictionariesusuallydonothaveetymologic