纽马克的翻译理论.docx
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纽马克的翻译理论
Chapter2
PeterNewmark
SemanticandCommunicativeTranslation
GuidedReading
PeterNewmark(1916)isanaccomplishedtranslationscholaraswellasanexperiencedtranslator.Hehastranslatedanumberofbooksandarticlesandpublishedextaensivelyontranslation.HispublicationsontranslationincludeApproachestoTranslation(1981),AboutTranslation(1983),ParagraphsonTranslation段落翻译(1985),ATextbookofTranslation翻译教程(1988),andMoreParagraphsonTranslation(1993).
InhisworkApproachestoTranslation,Newmarkproposestwotypesoftranslation:
semantictranslation语义翻译andcommunicativetranslation交际翻译.Semantictranslationfocusesprimarilyuponthesemanticcontentofthesourcetextwhereascommunicativetranslationfocusesessentiallyuponthecomprehensionandresponseofreceptors.ThisdistinctionresultsfromhisdisapprovalofNida'sassumption假定,假设,设想;假装;承担,担任thatalltranslatingiscommunicating,andtheoverriding最主要的,最优先的principleofanytranslationistoachieve"equivalenteffect".ForNewmark,thesuccessofequivalenteffectis"illusory",andthat"theconflictofloyalties,thegapbetweenemphasisonsourceandtargetlanguageswillalwaysremainastheoverridingproblemintranslationtheoryandpractice"(1981:
38).Tonarrowthegap,Newmark系统地阐述,确切地表达;规划,构想出formulateshisconceptsof"communicativetranslation"and"semantictranslation",whichinasense从某种意义上说aresimilartoNida's"dynamicequivalenttranslation"and"formalequivalenttranslation".Newmarksadmits"communicativetranslation"isacommonmethodandcouldbeusedinmanytypesoftranslation.Nevertheless,hejustifies证明……正当/有理,为……辩护thelegitimacy合法性,正当;合理性,妥当;嫡出,正统of"semantictranslation"inthefollowingthreeaspects.Firstly,alltranslationsdependonthethree一分为二,二分法;本质对立dichotomies,namely,theforeignandnativecultures,thetwolanguages,thewriterandthetranslator.Hence,itisunlikelytohaveauniversaltheorythatcouldincludeallthesefactors.Secondly,previousdiscussionsonmethodsoftranslation,eitherNida's"dynamicequivalence"orNabokow's"literaltranslation",doesnotreflecttheactualrealityoftranslationmethod,foreachofthemeitherrecommendsoneor贬低,轻视disparagestheother.Thirdly,thesocialfactors,especiallythereadersofthesecondlanguage,onlyplayapartial部分的;偏爱/袒/心的role发挥部分作用intranslation.Sometexts,suchasanexpressiveone,requirea"semantictranslation"(1981:
62).Itcanbeseenthat可以看出byproposingthecoexistenceof"communicativetranslation"and"semantictranslation",Newmarksuggestsacorrelation相互关系,关联;相关性betweentranslationmethodandtexttype.
Itshouldbepointedoutthat应该指出的是Newmark'ssemantictranslationdiffersfromliteraltranslation直译becausetheformer"respectscontext",interpretsandevenexplainswhilethelattersticksverycloselytosourcetextatwordandsyntaxlevel(1981:
62).Literaltranslation,however,isheldtobethebestapproachinbothsemanticandcommunicativetranslation,"providedthat如果equivalenteffectissecured,theliteralword-for-wordtranslationisnotonlythebest,itistheonlyvalidmethodoftranslation"(1981:
39).HereNewmarkseemstoonlytakeaccountof考虑到,顾及,体谅literarytranslationratherthannon-literarytranslation,whichisoftenrenderedmorefreelyinordertocommunicatethemeaning.Buthealsostatesthatwhenthereisaconflictbetweensemanticandcommunicativetranslation,thelatterwouldwinout胜出.Forinstance,itisbettertorendercommunicativelythepublicsign公共标志bissigerHundandchienmechantintobewardthedog!
inordertocommunicateefficientlythemessage,butnotsemanticallyasdogthatbites!
andbaddog!
(1981:
39).Nevertheless,itisdifficultforatranslatortofollowNewmark'stranslationmethodsinpractice,whichshouldbeadoptedflexiblyaccordingtothespecificcontextandtexttype.
ATextbookofTranslationisanexpansionandarevisionofApproachestoTranslationinmanyaspects在很多方面.Inthisbook,Newmark,follwingtheGermanlinguistKarlBuhler'sfunctionaltheoryoflanguage,proposesthreemaintypesoftexts.expressive有表现力的,富有表情的,informative提供大量资料或信息的,授予知识的andvocative呼格的)aswellasmethodsoftranslatingthem(Chapters4and5).Althoughhelistsmanytranslationmethodsfromword-for-wordtranslationtoadaptation,heinsiststhat"onlysemanticandcommunicativetranslationfulfillthetwomainaimsoftranslation,whicharefirst,accuracy,andsecond,economy".Whilesemantictranslationisusedforexpressivetexts,communicativetranslationisforinformativeandvocativetextsalthoughheadmitsthatfewtextsarepurelyexpressive,informativeorvocative.Bystressingthewideapplicabilityofthesetwotranslationmethods,Newmarkseemstooverlookthefunctionofothertranslationmethodsfrequentlyadoptedintranslationpractice.
Newmark'ssemanticandcommunicativetranslationahvebeenquotedfrequentlyamongtranslationscholars.Hisconcernaboutthecoexistenceofsemanticandcommunicativetranslationshowsthatinhisvieweffect-orientedtranslation以效果为导向的翻译suchasNida'sdynamicequivalenceshouldnotbeoverstressedintranslationpractice,butisjustonetypeoftranslation.Newmark'stypesoftranslation,however,arelessinfluentialthanNida'sdynamicequivalenceinthefieldoftranslationstudiesbecausethey"raisesomeofthesamepointsconcerningthetranslationprocessandtheimportanceoftheTTreader译文读者"(Munday2000:
46).Further,hisviewsandcommentsarestillverytraditionalandprescriptive规定的,指定的,规范的,bearingsometracesoftraditionaltranslationtheories.Thestrengthofhiswritingliesinthathisdiscussionontranslationcoversawiderangeoftopics,andhealwaysprovidesusefuladviceandguidancefortranslator接受训练的人,实习生,培训生traineeswithalargenumberofinterestingandusefulexamples,whicharemoreconvincingthanabstracttheoreticalarguments抽象的理论论证.ThefollowingexcerptisselectedfromChapter3ofNewmark'sApproachestoTranslation.Inthischapterhe假定,要求postulateshistwomainmethodsoftranslation.Semanticandcommunicativetranslation),andtriestoapplythemintodifferenttypesoftext.
CommunicativeandSemanticTranslation
1.Atranslationmustgivethewordsoftheoriginal.
2.Atranslationmustgivetheideasoftheoriginal.
3.Atranslationshouldreadlikeanoriginalwork.
4.Atranslationshouldreadlikeatranslation.
5.Atranslationshouldreflectthestyleoftheoriginal.
6.Atranslationshouldpossessthestyleofthetranslation.
7.Atranslationshouldreadasacontemporaryoftheoriginal.
8.Atranslationshouldreadasacontemporaryofthetranslation.
9.Atranslationmayaddtooromitfromtheoriginal.
10.Atranslationmayneveraddtooromitfromtheoriginal.
11.Atranslationofverseshouldbeinprose.
12.Atranslationofverseshouldbeinverse.
(TheAirofTranslation,.Savory,Cape,1968,
Inthepre-linguisticsperiodofwritingontranslation,whichmaybesaidtodatefromCicerothroughSt.Jerome,Luther,Dryden,Tytler,Herder,Goethe,Schleiermacher,Buber,OrtegayGasset,nottosaySavory,opinionswungbetweenliteralandfree,faithfulandbeautiful,exactandnaturaltranslation,dependingonwhetherthebiaswastobeinfavourof赞成theauthororthereader,thesourceorthetargetlanguageofthetext.Uptothenineteenthcentury,literaltranslationrepresentedaphilological语言学的,文献的,文学的academicexercise语言学学术活动fromwhichtheculturalreformers文化改革者weretryingtorescueliterature.Inthenineteenthcentury,amorescientificapproachwasbroughttobearon对……有影响,和……有关translation,suggestingthatcertaintypesoftextsmustbeaccuratelytranslated,whileothersshouldandcouldnotbetranslatedatall!
Sincetheriseofmodernlinguistics(philology语言学wasbecominglinguistics语言学hereinthelatefifties),andanticipatedby预计到Tytlerin1790,Larbaud,Belloc,KnoxandRieu,thegeneralemphasis,supportedbycommunication-theoristsaswellasbynon-literarytranslators,hasbeenplacedonthereader---oninformingthereadereffectivelyandappropriately,notably显著地,明显地;尤其,特别inNida,Firth,KollerandtheLeipzigSchool.Incontrast相反,thebrilliantessaysofBenjamin,ValeryandNabokov(anticipatedbyCroceandOrtegayGasset)advocatingliteraltranslationhaveappearedasisolated孤立的,被隔离的,paradoxicalphenomena自相矛盾的现象,relevantonlyto与……有关translatingworksofhighliteraryculture.Koller(1972)hasstatedthattheequivalent-effectprincipleoftranslationistendingtoruleout把……排除在外,排除……的可能性;不把……考虑在内allothers,particularlythepredominanceofanyformalelementssuchaswordorstructure.
Theapparenttriumphofthe"consumer"is,Ithink,illusory.Theconflictofloyalties,thegapbetweenemphsisonsourceandtargetlanguagewillalwaysremainastheoverridingproblemintranslationtheoryandpractice.However,thegapcouldperhapsbenarrowediftheprevioustermswerereplacedasfollows:
SOURCELANGUAGEBIASTARGETLANGUAGEBIAS
LITERALFREE
FAITHFULIDIOMATIC
SEMANTIC/COMMUNICATIVE
Communicativetranslationattemptstoproduceonitsreadersaneffectascloseaspossibletothatobtainedonthereadersoftheoriginal.Semantictranslationattemptstorender,ascloselyasthesemanticandsyntactic造句法的,句子结构的structuresofthesecondlanguageallow,theexactcontextual上下文的,前后关系上的meaningoftheoriginal.
Intheory,therearewidedifferencesbetweenthetwomethods.Communicativetranslationaddressesitselfsolelytothesecondreader,whodoesnotanticipatedifficultiesorobscurities,andwouldexpectageneroustransferofforeignelementsintohisowncultureaswellashislanguagewherenecessary.Butevenherethetranslatorstillhastorespectandworkontheformofthesourcelang