纽马克的翻译理论.docx

纽马克的翻译理论.docx

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纽马克的翻译理论

Chapter2

PeterNewmark

SemanticandCommunicativeTranslation

GuidedReading

PeterNewmark（1916）isanaccomplishedtranslationscholaraswellasanexperiencedtranslator.Hehastranslatedanumberofbooksandarticlesandpublishedextaensivelyontranslation.HispublicationsontranslationincludeApproachestoTranslation（1981）,AboutTranslation（1983）,ParagraphsonTranslation段落翻译（1985）,ATextbookofTranslation翻译教程（1988）,andMoreParagraphsonTranslation（1993）.

InhisworkApproachestoTranslation,Newmarkproposestwotypesoftranslation:

semantictranslation语义翻译andcommunicativetranslation交际翻译.Semantictranslationfocusesprimarilyuponthesemanticcontentofthesourcetextwhereascommunicativetranslationfocusesessentiallyuponthecomprehensionandresponseofreceptors.ThisdistinctionresultsfromhisdisapprovalofNida'sassumption假定，假设，设想；假装；承担，担任thatalltranslatingiscommunicating,andtheoverriding最主要的，最优先的principleofanytranslationistoachieve"equivalenteffect".ForNewmark,thesuccessofequivalenteffectis"illusory",andthat"theconflictofloyalties,thegapbetweenemphasisonsourceandtargetlanguageswillalwaysremainastheoverridingproblemintranslationtheoryandpractice"（1981:

38）.Tonarrowthegap,Newmark系统地阐述，确切地表达；规划，构想出formulateshisconceptsof"communicativetranslation"and"semantictranslation",whichinasense从某种意义上说aresimilartoNida's"dynamicequivalenttranslation"and"formalequivalenttranslation".Newmarksadmits"communicativetranslation"isacommonmethodandcouldbeusedinmanytypesoftranslation.Nevertheless,hejustifies证明……正当/有理，为……辩护thelegitimacy合法性，正当；合理性，妥当；嫡出，正统of"semantictranslation"inthefollowingthreeaspects.Firstly,alltranslationsdependonthethree一分为二，二分法；本质对立dichotomies,namely,theforeignandnativecultures,thetwolanguages,thewriterandthetranslator.Hence,itisunlikelytohaveauniversaltheorythatcouldincludeallthesefactors.Secondly,previousdiscussionsonmethodsoftranslation,eitherNida's"dynamicequivalence"orNabokow's"literaltranslation",doesnotreflecttheactualrealityoftranslationmethod,foreachofthemeitherrecommendsoneor贬低，轻视disparagestheother.Thirdly,thesocialfactors,especiallythereadersofthesecondlanguage,onlyplayapartial部分的；偏爱/袒/心的role发挥部分作用intranslation.Sometexts,suchasanexpressiveone,requirea"semantictranslation"（1981:

62）.Itcanbeseenthat可以看出byproposingthecoexistenceof"communicativetranslation"and"semantictranslation",Newmarksuggestsacorrelation相互关系，关联；相关性betweentranslationmethodandtexttype.

Itshouldbepointedoutthat应该指出的是Newmark'ssemantictranslationdiffersfromliteraltranslation直译becausetheformer"respectscontext",interpretsandevenexplainswhilethelattersticksverycloselytosourcetextatwordandsyntaxlevel（1981:

62）.Literaltranslation,however,isheldtobethebestapproachinbothsemanticandcommunicativetranslation,"providedthat如果equivalenteffectissecured,theliteralword-for-wordtranslationisnotonlythebest,itistheonlyvalidmethodoftranslation"（1981:

39）.HereNewmarkseemstoonlytakeaccountof考虑到，顾及，体谅literarytranslationratherthannon-literarytranslation,whichisoftenrenderedmorefreelyinordertocommunicatethemeaning.Buthealsostatesthatwhenthereisaconflictbetweensemanticandcommunicativetranslation,thelatterwouldwinout胜出.Forinstance,itisbettertorendercommunicativelythepublicsign公共标志bissigerHundandchienmechantintobewardthedog!

inordertocommunicateefficientlythemessage,butnotsemanticallyasdogthatbites!

andbaddog!

（1981:

39）.Nevertheless,itisdifficultforatranslatortofollowNewmark'stranslationmethodsinpractice,whichshouldbeadoptedflexiblyaccordingtothespecificcontextandtexttype.

ATextbookofTranslationisanexpansionandarevisionofApproachestoTranslationinmanyaspects在很多方面.Inthisbook,Newmark,follwingtheGermanlinguistKarlBuhler'sfunctionaltheoryoflanguage,proposesthreemaintypesoftexts.expressive有表现力的，富有表情的,informative提供大量资料或信息的，授予知识的andvocative呼格的）aswellasmethodsoftranslatingthem（Chapters4and5）.Althoughhelistsmanytranslationmethodsfromword-for-wordtranslationtoadaptation,heinsiststhat"onlysemanticandcommunicativetranslationfulfillthetwomainaimsoftranslation,whicharefirst,accuracy,andsecond,economy".Whilesemantictranslationisusedforexpressivetexts,communicativetranslationisforinformativeandvocativetextsalthoughheadmitsthatfewtextsarepurelyexpressive,informativeorvocative.Bystressingthewideapplicabilityofthesetwotranslationmethods,Newmarkseemstooverlookthefunctionofothertranslationmethodsfrequentlyadoptedintranslationpractice.

Newmark'ssemanticandcommunicativetranslationahvebeenquotedfrequentlyamongtranslationscholars.Hisconcernaboutthecoexistenceofsemanticandcommunicativetranslationshowsthatinhisvieweffect-orientedtranslation以效果为导向的翻译suchasNida'sdynamicequivalenceshouldnotbeoverstressedintranslationpractice,butisjustonetypeoftranslation.Newmark'stypesoftranslation,however,arelessinfluentialthanNida'sdynamicequivalenceinthefieldoftranslationstudiesbecausethey"raisesomeofthesamepointsconcerningthetranslationprocessandtheimportanceoftheTTreader译文读者"（Munday2000:

46）.Further,hisviewsandcommentsarestillverytraditionalandprescriptive规定的，指定的，规范的,bearingsometracesoftraditionaltranslationtheories.Thestrengthofhiswritingliesinthathisdiscussionontranslationcoversawiderangeoftopics,andhealwaysprovidesusefuladviceandguidancefortranslator接受训练的人，实习生，培训生traineeswithalargenumberofinterestingandusefulexamples,whicharemoreconvincingthanabstracttheoreticalarguments抽象的理论论证.ThefollowingexcerptisselectedfromChapter3ofNewmark'sApproachestoTranslation.Inthischapterhe假定，要求postulateshistwomainmethodsoftranslation.Semanticandcommunicativetranslation）,andtriestoapplythemintodifferenttypesoftext.

CommunicativeandSemanticTranslation

1.Atranslationmustgivethewordsoftheoriginal.

2.Atranslationmustgivetheideasoftheoriginal.

3.Atranslationshouldreadlikeanoriginalwork.

4.Atranslationshouldreadlikeatranslation.

5.Atranslationshouldreflectthestyleoftheoriginal.

6.Atranslationshouldpossessthestyleofthetranslation.

7.Atranslationshouldreadasacontemporaryoftheoriginal.

8.Atranslationshouldreadasacontemporaryofthetranslation.

9.Atranslationmayaddtooromitfromtheoriginal.

10.Atranslationmayneveraddtooromitfromtheoriginal.

11.Atranslationofverseshouldbeinprose.

12.Atranslationofverseshouldbeinverse.

（TheAirofTranslation,.Savory,Cape,1968,

Inthepre-linguisticsperiodofwritingontranslation,whichmaybesaidtodatefromCicerothroughSt.Jerome,Luther,Dryden,Tytler,Herder,Goethe,Schleiermacher,Buber,OrtegayGasset,nottosaySavory,opinionswungbetweenliteralandfree,faithfulandbeautiful,exactandnaturaltranslation,dependingonwhetherthebiaswastobeinfavourof赞成theauthororthereader,thesourceorthetargetlanguageofthetext.Uptothenineteenthcentury,literaltranslationrepresentedaphilological语言学的，文献的，文学的academicexercise语言学学术活动fromwhichtheculturalreformers文化改革者weretryingtorescueliterature.Inthenineteenthcentury,amorescientificapproachwasbroughttobearon对……有影响，和……有关translation,suggestingthatcertaintypesoftextsmustbeaccuratelytranslated,whileothersshouldandcouldnotbetranslatedatall!

Sincetheriseofmodernlinguistics（philology语言学wasbecominglinguistics语言学hereinthelatefifties）,andanticipatedby预计到Tytlerin1790,Larbaud,Belloc,KnoxandRieu,thegeneralemphasis,supportedbycommunication-theoristsaswellasbynon-literarytranslators,hasbeenplacedonthereader---oninformingthereadereffectivelyandappropriately,notably显著地，明显地；尤其，特别inNida,Firth,KollerandtheLeipzigSchool.Incontrast相反,thebrilliantessaysofBenjamin,ValeryandNabokov（anticipatedbyCroceandOrtegayGasset）advocatingliteraltranslationhaveappearedasisolated孤立的，被隔离的,paradoxicalphenomena自相矛盾的现象,relevantonlyto与……有关translatingworksofhighliteraryculture.Koller（1972）hasstatedthattheequivalent-effectprincipleoftranslationistendingtoruleout把……排除在外，排除……的可能性；不把……考虑在内allothers,particularlythepredominanceofanyformalelementssuchaswordorstructure.

Theapparenttriumphofthe"consumer"is,Ithink,illusory.Theconflictofloyalties,thegapbetweenemphsisonsourceandtargetlanguagewillalwaysremainastheoverridingproblemintranslationtheoryandpractice.However,thegapcouldperhapsbenarrowediftheprevioustermswerereplacedasfollows:

SOURCELANGUAGEBIASTARGETLANGUAGEBIAS

LITERALFREE

FAITHFULIDIOMATIC

SEMANTIC/COMMUNICATIVE

Communicativetranslationattemptstoproduceonitsreadersaneffectascloseaspossibletothatobtainedonthereadersoftheoriginal.Semantictranslationattemptstorender,ascloselyasthesemanticandsyntactic造句法的，句子结构的structuresofthesecondlanguageallow,theexactcontextual上下文的，前后关系上的meaningoftheoriginal.

Intheory,therearewidedifferencesbetweenthetwomethods.Communicativetranslationaddressesitselfsolelytothesecondreader,whodoesnotanticipatedifficultiesorobscurities,andwouldexpectageneroustransferofforeignelementsintohisowncultureaswellashislanguagewherenecessary.Butevenherethetranslatorstillhastorespectandworkontheformofthesourcelang