西方哲学史16章.docx

西方哲学史16章.docx

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西方哲学史16章

CHAPTERXVIPlato'sTheoryofImmortalityTHEdialoguecalledafter以…命名Phaedoisinterestinginseveralrespects.Itpurports声称；意图todescribethelastmomentsinthelifeofSocrates:

hisconversationimmediatelybeforedrinkingthehemlock,andafter,untilhelosesconsciousness.ThispresentsPlato'sidealofamanwhoisbothwiseandgoodinthehighestdegree,andwhoistotallywithoutfearofdeath.Socratesinfaceofdeath,asrepresentedbyPlato,wasimportantethically,bothinancientandinmoderntimes.WhatthegospelaccountofthePassion耶稣的受难和死亡andtheCrucifixionwasforChristians,thePhaedowasforpaganorfreethinkingphilosophers.*Buttheimperturbability[ˌɪmpəˌtɜ:

bə'bɪlətɪ]沉着，冷静ofSocratesinhislasthourisboundupwithhisbeliefinimmortality,andthePhaedoisimportantassettingforth,notonlythedeathofamartyr['mɑ:

tə（r）]烈士；殉道者,butalsomanydoctrineswhichwereafterwardsChristian.ThetheologyofSt.PaulandoftheFatherswaslargelyderivedfromit,directlyorindirectly,andcanhardlybeunderstoodifPlatoisignored.____________________*EvenformanyChristians,itissecondonlytothedeathofChrist."Thereisnothinginanytragedy,ancientormodern,nothinginpoetryorhistory（withoneexception）,likethelasthoursofSocratesinPlato."ThesearethewordsoftheRev.BenjaminJowett.-132-Anearlierdialogue,theCrito,tellshowcertainfriendsanddisciplesofSocratesarrangedaplanbywhichhecouldescapetoThessaly.ProbablytheAthenianauthoritieswouldhavebeenquitegladifhehadescaped,andthescheme[ski:

m]策划，图谋suggestedmaybeassumedtohavebeenverylikelytosucceed.Socrates,however,wouldhavenoneof不允许；不接受it.Hecontendedthathehadbeencondemnedbydueprocessoflaw,andthatitwouldbewrongtodoanythingillegaltoavoidpunishment.HefirstproclaimedtheprinciplewhichweassociatewiththeSermon布道；讲道ontheMount,that"weoughtnottoretaliate[rɪ'tælɪeɪt]报复，反击evilforeviltoanyone,whateverevilwemayhavesufferedfromhim."HethenimagineshimselfengagedinadialoguewiththelawsofAthens,inwhichtheypointoutthatheowesthemthekindofrespectthatasonowestoafatheroraslavetohismaster,butinanevenhigherdegree;andthat,moreover,everyAtheniancitizenisfreetoemigrate['emɪɡreɪt]移居国外ifhedislikestheAthenianState.Thelawsendalongspeechwiththewords:

Listen,then,Socrates,touswhohavebroughtyouup.Thinknotoflifeandchildrenfirst,andofjusticeafterwards,butofjusticefirst,thatyoumaybejustifiedbeforetheprincesoftheworldbelow.Forneitherwillyounoranythatbelongtoyoubehappierorholierorjusterinthislife,orhappierinanother,ifyoudoasCritobids[bɪd]恳求；命令.Nowyoudepartininnocence,asuffererandnotadoerofevil;avictim,notofthelaws,butofmen.Butifyougoforth,returningevilforevil,andinjuryforinjury,breakingthecovenants协议，协定andagreementswhichyouhavemadewithus,andwrongingthosewhomyououghtleastofall最不，尤其towrong,thatistosay,yourself,yourfriends,yourcountry,andus,weshallbeangrywithyouwhileyoulive,andourbrethren,thelawsintheworldbelow,willreceiveyouasanenemy;fortheywillknowthatyouhavedoneyourbesttodestroyus.Thisvoice,Socratessays,"Iseemtohearhumming发出嗡嗡声，哼唱（hum的现在分词）；忙碌inmyears,likethesoundofthefluteintheearsofthemystic."Hedecides,accordingly,thatitishisdutytostayandabide容忍，忍受thedeathsentence.InthePhaedo,thelasthourhascome;hischainsaretakenoff,andheisallowedtoconversefreelywithhisfriends.Hesendsawayhisweepingwife,inorderthathergriefmaynotinterferewiththediscussion.Socratesbeginsbymaintainingthat,thoughanyonewhohasthe-133-spiritofphilosophywillnotfeardeath,but,onthecontrary,willwelcomeit,yethewillnottakehisownlife,forthatisheldtobeunlawful.Hisfriendsinquirewhysuicideisheldtobeunlawful,andhisanswer,whichisinaccordancewithOrphicdoctrine,isalmostexactlywhataChristianmightsay."Thereisadoctrinewhisperedinsecretthatmanisaprisonerwhohasnorighttoopenthedoorandrunaway;thisisagreatmysterywhichIdonotquiteunderstand."HecomparestherelationofmantoGodwiththatofcattletotheirowner;youwouldbeangry,hesays,ifyouroxtookthelibertyofputtinghimselfoutoftheway,andso"theremaybereasoninsayingthatamanshouldwait,andnottakehisownlifeuntilGodsummonshim,asheisnowsummoningme."Heisnotgrievedatdeath,becauseheisconvinced"inthefirstplacethatIamgoingtoothergodswhoarewiseandgood（ofwhichIamascertainasIcanbeofanysuchmatters）,andsecondly（thoughIamnotsosureofthislast）tomendeparted,betterthanthosewhomIleavebehind.Ihavegoodhopethatthereisyetsomethingremainingforthedead,somefarbetterthingforthegoodthanfortheevil."Death,saysSocrates,istheseparationofsoulandbody.HerewecomeuponPlato'sdualism[ˈdju:

əlɪzəm]二元论:

betweenrealityandappearance,ideasandsensibleobjects,reasonandsense-perception,soulandbody.Thesepairsareconnected:

thefirstineachpairissuperiortothesecondbothinrealityandingoodness.Anascetic苦行的；克己的moralitywasthenaturalconsequenceofthisdualism.Christianity[ˌkrɪstiˈænəti]adoptedthisdoctrineinpart,butneverwholly.Thereweretwoobstacles.Thefirstwasthatthecreationofthevisibleworld,ifPlatowasright,musthavebeenanevildeed,andthereforetheCreatorcouldnotbegood.ThesecondwasthatorthodoxChristianitycouldneverbringitselftocondemnmarriage,thoughitheldcelibacytobenobler.TheManichaeansweremoreconsistentinbothrespects.Thedistinctionbetweenmindandmatter,whichhasbecomeacommonplace寻常的事物；平常话inphilosophyandscienceandpopularthought,hasareligiousorigin,andbeganasthedistinctionofsoulandbody.TheOrphic,aswesaw,proclaimshimselfthechildofearthandofthestarryheaven;fromearthcomesthebody,fromheaventhesoul.ItisthistheorythatPlatoseekstoexpressinthelanguageofphilosophy.Socrates,inthePhaedo,proceedsatoncetodeveloptheasceticimplicationsofhisdoctrine,buthisasceticismisofamoderateand-134-gentlemanlysort.Hedoesnotsaythatthephilosophershouldwhollyabstainfrom戒，避免ordinarypleasures,butonlythatheshouldnotbeaslavetothem.Thephilosophershouldnotcareabouteatinganddrinking,butofcourseheshouldeatasmuchasisnecessary;thereisnosuggestionoffasting.AndwearetoldthatSocrates,thoughindifferenttowine,could,onoccasion,drinkmorethananybodyelse,withouteverbecomingintoxicated.Itwasnotdrinkingthathecondemned,butpleasureindrinking.Inlikemanner,thephilosophermustnotcareforthepleasuresoflove,orforcostlyraiment,orsandals,orotheradornments装饰oftheperson.Hemustbeentirelyconcernedwiththesoul,andnotwiththebody:

"Hewouldlike,asfarashecan,togetawayfromthebodyandtoturntothesoul."Itisobviousthatthisdoctrine,popularized,wouldbecomeascetic,butinintentionitisnot,properlyspeaking,ascetic.Thephilosopherwillnotabstainwithaneffortfromthepleasuresofsense,butwillbethinkingofotherthings.Ihaveknownmanyphilosopherswhoforgottheirmeals,andreadabookwhenatlasttheydideat.ThesemenwereactingasPlatosaystheyshould:

theywerenotabstainingfromgluttony暴饮暴食bymeansofamoraleffort,butweremoreinterestedinothermatters.Apparentlythephilosophershouldmarry,andbegetandrearchildren,inthesameabsent-mindedway,butsincetheemancipation（从束缚、支配下）解放ofwomenthishasbecomemoredifficult.NowonderXanthippewasashrew泼妇，悍妇.Philosophers,Socratescontinues,trytodissever割裂，分开thesoulfromcommunionwiththebody,whereasotherpeoplethinkthatlifeisnotworthlivingforamanwhohas"nosenseofpleasureandnopartinbodilypleasure."Inthisphrase,Platoseems-perhapsinadvertently[ˌɪnədˈvɜ:

təntli]漫不经心地，疏忽地；非故意地--tocountenance['kaʊntənəns]表示赞同theviewofacertainclassofmoralists,thatbodilypleasuresaretheonlyonesthatcount.Thesemoralistsholdthatthemanwhodoesnotseekthepleasuresofsensemustbeeschewing避开，回避pleasurealtogether,andlivingvirtuously.Thisisanerrorwhichhasdoneuntoldharm.Insofaras在…的范围内thedivisionofmindandbodycanbeaccepted,theworstpleasures,aswellasthebest,aremental--forexample,envy,andmanyformsofcrueltyandloveofpower.Milton'sSatanrisessuperiorto不为所动，不受影响physicaltorment,anddevoteshimselftoaworkofdestructionfromwhichhederivesapleasurethatiswhollyofthemind.Manyeminentecclesiastics,havingrenounced放弃，抛弃thepleasuresofsense,andbeingnotontheirguardagainst-135-others,becamedominatedbyloveofpower,whichledthemtoappalling令人震惊的；可怕的crueltiesandpersecutions,nominallyforthesakeofreligion.Inourownday,Hitlerbelongstothistype;byallaccounts,thepleasuresofsenseareofverylittleimportancetohim.Liberationfromthetyrannyofthebodycontributesto捐献；促成greatness,butjustasmuchtogreatnessinsinastogreatnessinvirtue.This,however,isadigression离题，岔开,fromwhichwemustreturntoSocrates.WecomenowtotheintellectualaspectofthereligionwhichPlato（rightlyorwrongly）attributestoSocrates.Wearetoldthatthebodyisahindranceintheacquisitionofknowledge,andthatsightandhearingareinaccuratewitnesses:

trueexistence,ifrevealedtothesoulatall,isrevealedinthought,notinsense.Letusconsider,foramoment,theimplicationsofthisdoctrine.Itinvolvesacompleterejection