高三英语一轮复习高中英语阅读填空训练.docx
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高三英语一轮复习高中英语阅读填空训练
阅读填空训练
(一)
InastudyjustpublishedinthejournalIntelligence,usingsearchtermssuchas“stupidthingtodo”,BalazsAczelandhiscolleaguescompiledacollectionofstoriesdescribingstupidmistakesfromsourcessuchasTheHuffingtonPostandTMZ.Theresearchersthenhadasampleofuniversitystudentsrateeachstoryontheresponsibilityofthepeopleinvolved,theinfluenceofthesituation,theseriousnessoftheconsequences,andotherfactors.
Analysesofthesubjects’ratingsrevealedthreevarietiesofstupidmistakes.Thefirstiswhenaperson’sconfidencegoesbeyondtheirskill,aswhenaPittsburghmanrobbedtwobanksinbroaddaylightwithoutwearingadisguise,believingthatlemonjuicehehadrubbedonhisfacewouldmakehiminvisibletosecuritycameras.
Theconfidence-skilldisconnectionhasbeennamedtheDunning-Krugereffect,afterastudybysocialpsychologistsDavidDunningandJustinKruger.DunningandKrugerhadCornellundergraduatesperformtestsofhumor,logic,andgrammar,andthenratehowwelltheythinktheyperformedcomparedtoothersubjectsinthestudy.Theworstperformingsubjects,whosescoresputtheminthe12thpercentile,estimatedthattheyhadperformedinthe62ndpercentile.Summarizingthefindings,Dunningnoted,“Poorperformers—andweareallpoorperformersatsomethings—failtoseetheflawsintheirthinkingortheanswerstheylack.”Whenwethinkweareatourbestissometimeswhenweareatourobjectiveworst.
Asanynumberofpoliticalscandalsillustrate,thesecondtypeofstupidmistakeinvolvesimpulsiveacts—whenweseemunabletokeepourbehaviorincheck.InthescandalthatbecameknownasWeinergate,formerU.S.representativeAnthonyWeinersentbluetextsandpicturesofhimselftowomenhemetonFacebook.(Afterresigning,Weinercontinuedhiscyber-dalliances,andthenfellpreytotheDunning-Krugereffectwhenheoverestimatedhissupportinthe2013NewYorkCitymayoralprimary;hereceived5%ofthevote.)
Thefinalvarietyofstupidmistakeinvolvesfailingtoconcentrate—HomerSimpsonesqueD’ohmoments.AsarguablythebestexamplefromAmericansportshistory,inthe1929RoseBowl,UniversityofCaliforniastarRoyRiegelsrecoveredafumble(失误球)andreturnedit65yardsthewrongway.Riegel’smistakesetupasafetyforGeorgiaTech,whichturnedouttobethedecidingfactorintheopponent’svictory.Aczelandcolleagues’analysesrevealedthatsubjectsviewedthiscategoryofstupidmistakeastheleaststupid.
Itis,ofcourse,unrealistictothinkthatwecouldevereliminatehumanerror.Toerrwillalwaysbehuman.However,thisresearchgivesusabetterdescriptionofourfailingsandweaknesses,andaplacetostartinthinkingaboutinterventionsandprescriptionstohelpuserrless.Thisresearchalsoremindsusofoursharedhumanweaknesses.Wealltendtooverestimateourabilities,tomakeimpulsivedecisions,andtofailtokeepattention.Thissimplerealizationmakesstupidmistakesseem,perhaps,alittlelessstupid—andalittlemorehuman.
Title:
Whyyoumakebreathtakinglystupidmistakes
(71)_____oftheresearch
●Compilingstoriesaboutstupidmistakesfromsomesources.
●Ratingthestoriesonthefactorslikeresponsibilities,influences,etc.
●(72)__________howthesubjectsratethestories.
Typesofstupidmistakes
Confidence–skill
disconnection
●Ithappenswhenconfidence(73)______skill.
Eg:
Amanrubbinglemonjuiceonhisfacerobbedbanksby(74)______hisheadinthesandlikeanostrich(鸵鸟).
●Theoutcomemaybejustthe(75)_________whenweoverestimateourskills.
Impulsiveacts
●Wecannotputourbehaviorunder(76)____________.
Eg.Weinerdisturbedwomenbysendingbluetextsandpictures,whichputhimatadisadvantageinmayoralprimary.
(77)__________ofattention
●Thoughviewedastheleaststupid,itcanbeadecidingfactorinmaycases.Eg.RoyRiegel’srunningthewrongwaywithafumble(78)_________forGeogiaTechwinningthegame.
Valuesoftheresearch
●Providinguswithaclearimageofourfailingsandweaknesses.
●Helpinguserrlessthoughweare(79)__________tostayawayfromerror.
●Enablingustoevaluateourabilitiesobjectively,makerationaldecisionsandalwaysget(80)_______________.
(二)
Howtrafficaffectsourhealth
Whentalkingabouttrafficproblems,we,Jsoneedtotakeintoconsiderationthepollutionthatweareexposedtoandthehealthproblemstrafficcauses.Givenbelowisanin-depthexpositiononhowtrafficafftctsourhealthandwhatwecandotoavoidsomeoftheseeffectstolivealongerandhealthierlife.
AchesandPains
Drivinginaslouched(无精打釆的)positionputspressureonyourbackandneck.Backpainisoftenduetopoorposturewhichcanhaveaneu,nti\eeffectonyourhealth.Yourbadposturealsoputsstressonthejointsofyourelbowsandknees,causingpainandtirednesstotheseareasofyourbody.
Whenyouaredrivingintraffic,youareconstantlyshiftingbetweentheacceleratorandbrake(inautomatictransmissioncars),andclutch,brake,andaccelerator(inmanualtransmissioncars).Thisconstantshiftingputspressureandstressonyourknees,causingknee-relatedproblemsandaches.
Whatcanyoudo?
Youcancounteracttheseilleffectandpostureproblemsbysittinguprightandhavingasupportforyourlowerbackandneck.Adjustthepositionofyourseatinsuchawaythatyoucandriveateasewithoutanydiscomfort.Thebackrestoftheseatshouldbestraightup,andnotpulleddowntoomuch.Respiratory(呼吸的)Problems
Exposuretoheavytrafficimpliesexposuretopoisonousrasesthatareemittedbyvehicles.ItisbelievedthatthetransportationsectorintheUSisresporbibleforaquarterofthecountry’sgreenhousegasemissions.
Ourlungsarclikesponges,soakingineverythingthatisbreathedinbyourrespiratorysystem.Thesmokecomingoutofthetailpipesofvehiclespresentsaseriousthreattohumanhealth.Prolongedexposuretotrafficemissionscancause,viousrespiratorydiseasesincludinglungcancer.
Whatcanyoudo?
TherearewaystoavoidbreathinginpollutedairIfyoucan,avoiddrivinginpartsofyourtownwithheavytrafficcongestion.However,ifyoufindyourselfdrivingthroughsuchareas,rollupyourcarwindowstominimizeexposuretoharmflilgases.Ifyouplantogooutforawalkorrun,doitinaplacewhereyougetloadsoffreshair.Eatfoodsthatarerichinantioxidants(抗氧化剂),andexerciseregularlysothatyourimmunesystemisstrongenoughtofightoffpotentialthreatstoyourhealth.
Travelandtrafficaretwothingsthatareabsolutelyunavoidable,andthatiswhyweshouldtrytobeascomfortableaspossible,tobestress-freeandillness-free!
Howtraffic affectsourhealth
Passageoutline
Supportingdetails
Lead-in
Whenit(71) totrafficproblems,weshouldpayenouchattentiontothepollutionweareexposedtoandthehealthproblemsthattrafficcauses.
AchesandPains
Problems
(72) aDoorDositionwhenyouaredrivingcanaffectyourhealthbadlyinseveralwayssuchasback,neck,eventhejointsofyourelbowsandknees.
Shiftingpostureconstantlyinthe(73) ofdrivingwillputpressureandstressonyourknees,causingachesandpains.
Solutions
Youcansituprightandhaveasupportforyourlowerbackandneck,jYoucanmake(74) tothepositionofyourseat.
Youcan(75) thebackrestofvourseatandavoidpullingitdowntoomuch.
Respiratory
Problems
Problems
Itisbelievedthatthetransportationsectoristo(76) foraquarter〜greenhousegasemissionsintheUS.
Ourlungsbreatheinharmfulelementsinthesmokefromvehicles,damagingourhealthseriously.
Longexposuretodangerouspollutantsfromvehiclescancausevariouslung-relateddiseases,lungcancer(77) .
Solutions
Youshouldtrytodrivethroughtheareas(78) fromheavytrafficcongestion.
Youmustwindupyourcarwindowstokeepexposure,toharmfijlpollutantstothe(79) .
Youshouldchooseaplacewhereyougetloadsoffreshairtotakeawalkorhavearun.
Youmustattach(80) toyourdietandregularexercisetofightoffpotentialthreatstoyourhealth.
ConclusiontWeshouldtrytobestress-freeandillness-freewhiledrivingorItraveling.
(三)
Newresearchsays35percentofchilddeathsworldwidearecausedbyhunger. Theresearchcomesfrompoorormiddle-incomecountriesinAfrica, AsiaandLatinAmerica.
RobertBlackfromtheBloombergSchoolofPublicHealthatJohnsHopkinsUniversityinMarylandistheleadwriteroftheresearch. Hesaysmorethan3.5millionmothersandchildrenunderfivedieinpoorcountrieseachyearbecauseofhunger.
Hesaysabouttwomillionchildrendiefromunderdevelopment, eitherbeforeorafterbirth. Millionsofotherswhosurvivefacealifetimeofdisabilitiesorearlydeathandtheeffectsarenotjustphysical. Poormentaldevelopmentalsoresultsfromhungeraschildrengrow. Thenthecycleofpovertyandhungeroftencontinuesfortheirchildren.
DoctorBlacksayshungrychildrencanhaveconditionslikehighbloodpressureandheartdiseaseasaresultofhunger. Hesaysthestudiesshowthatfoodprogramsneedtoplacethegreatestimportanceonthefirsttwoyearsoflife. Hungrychildrencansuffertheirwhole-lifedamagefromagetwo.
Itishightimetheirdietswereimproved. DietsshouldincludefoodsrichinvitaminAandothervitaminsandminerals. Theresearcherssayearlyhelpsuchasthiscouldreducechilddeathsby25%.
Thisresearchhasalsofacedsomecriticism. Amedicalaidgroupsaystheresearchersunderestimate(低估)thenumberofchilddeat