高级英语unit4zoologystudent version.docx

高级英语unit4zoologystudent version.docx

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高级英语unit4zoologystudentversion

UnitFourZoology

1.Whatcanyoudo?

1.1Backgroundinformation

Terms

Definitions

Zoology

IceAge

Domestication

1.2WordExpansion

1.2.1Wordfamily

n.

v.

adj.

adv.

cautious

possess

acquire

presence

present

domestic

1.2.2Derivative

roots

Derivatives

port

form

cess

quire

2.Let’sread

TheDomesticationofAnimals

Thedomesticationofwildspeciesleddirectlytodenserhumanpopulationsbyyieldingmorefoodthanthehunter-gathererlifestylecouldprovide.Insocietiesthatpossesseddomesticanimals,livestockhelpedtofeedmorepeoplebyprovidingmeat,milkandfertilizer,andbypullingplows.Largedomesticanimalsbecamethesocieties’mainsourceofanimalprotein,replacingwildgame,andtheyalsofurnishedwool,leather,andlandtransport.Humanshavedomesticatedonlyafewspeciesoflargeanimals,with“large”definedasthoseweighingover100pounds（45kilograms）.Fourteensuchspeciesweredomesticatedbeforethetwentiethcentury,allofthemterrestrialmammalsandherbivores.Thefivemostimportofthesearesheep,goats,pigs,horses,andcattleoroxen.

Smallanimalssuchasducks,geese,rabbits,dogs,cats,mink,bees,andsilkwormshavealsobeendomesticated.Manyofthesesmallanimalsprovidedfood,clothing,orwarmth.However,noneofthempulledplowsorwagons,nonecarriedriders,andnoneexceptdogspulledsleds.Furthermore,nosmalldomesticanimalshavebeenasimportantforfoodashavelargedomesticanimals.

Earlyherdingsocietiesquicklydomesticatedalllargemammalspeciesthatweresuitablefordomestication.Thereisarchaeologicalevidencethatthesespeciesweredomesticatedbetween10,000and4,500yearsago,withinthefirstfewthousandyearsoftheoriginsoffarming-herdingsocietiesafterthelastIceAge.ThecontinentofEurasiahasbeentheprimarysiteoflargemammaldomestication.Havingthemostspeciesofwildmammalstobeginwith,andlosingthefewesttoextinctioninthelast40,000years,Eurasiahasgeneratedthemostcandidatesfordomestication.

Domesticationinvolvestransformingwildanimalsintosomethingmoreusefultohumans.Trulydomesticatedanimalsdifferinmanywaysfromtheirwildancestors.Thesedifferencesresultfromtwoprocesses:

humanselectionofindividualanimalsthataremoreusefultohumansthanotherindividualsofthesamespecies,andevolutionaryresponsesofanimalstotheforcesofnaturalselectionoperatinginhumanenvironmentsratherthaninwildenvironments.

Tobedomesticated,awildspeciesmustpossessseveralcharacteristics.Acandidatefordomesticationmustbeprimarilyaherbivorebecauseittakeslessplantbiomasstofeedaplanteaterthanitdoestofeedacarnivorethatconsumesplanteaters.Nocarnivorousmammalhaseverbeendomesticatedforfoodsimplybecauseitwouldbetoocostly.Acandidatemustnotonlyweighanaverageofover100poundsbutalsogrowquickly.Thateliminatesgorillasandelephants,eventhoughtheyareherbivores.Moreover,candidatesfordomesticationmustbeabletobreedsuccessfullyincaptivity.

Sincealmostanysufficientlylargemammalspeciesiscapableofkillingahuman,certainqualitiesdisqualifyawildanimalfordomestication.Theanimalcannothaveadispositionthatisnasty,dangerous,orunpredictable–characteristicsthateliminatebears,Africanbuffaloes,andsomespeciesofwildhorses.Theanimalcannotbesonervousthatitpanicsaroundhumans.Largeherbivoresmammalspeciesreacttodangerfrompredatorsorhumansindifferentways.Somespeciesarenervous,fastandprogrammedforinstantflightwhentheyperceivedanger.Othersarelessnervous,seekprotectioninherds,anddonotrununtilnecessary.Mostspeciesofdeerandantelopeareoftheformertype,whilesheepandgoatsareofthelatter.

Almostalldomesticatedlargemammalsarespecieswhosewildancestorssharethreesocialcharacteristics:

livinginaherd,maintainingadominancehierarchyintheherd,andhavingherdsthatoccupyoverlappinghomerangesinsteadofmutuallyexclusiveterritories.Humanshavetakenadvantageofthesecharacteristicsinkeepingdomesticanimalstogetherwithothersoftheirspeciesandincloseproximitytootherspeciesofdomesticanimals.

2.1Exercises

1.Thewordfurnishedinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto

A.demandedB.invented

C.providedD.changed

2.Accordingtothepassage,whatbenefitoflargedomesticanimalsisnotalsoprovidedbysmallanimals?

A.AsourceoffoodB.Asourceofclothing

C.TheabilitytopullaplowD.Theabilitytoberidden

3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutlargemammalspecies?

A.Relativelyfewspecieshavethenecessarycharacteristicsfordomestication.

B.Morespeciesoflargemammalsaredomesticatedaspetsthanforfood.

C.Onlyafewlargeterrestrialmammalspeciesareprimarilyherbivores.

D.Alllargemammalscanbeclassifiedintooneoffiveimportantgroups.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whendidearlyhumansdomesticateallsuitablelargemammalspecies?

A.Afterhumanshadpopulatedeverycontinent

B.BeforetheIceAgecausedmanyanimalstobecomeextinct

C.Atthesametimetheydomesticatedsmallanimals

D.Withinafewthousandyearsafterfarmingandherdingbegan

5.Accordingtothepassage,whatisonereasonthatdomesticatedanimalsdifferfromtheirwildancestors?

A.Wildanimalsfindfoodeasily,butdomesticatedanimalsmustworkforfood.

B.Domesticatedanimalslivenearhumans,sotheyforgettheirwildancestors.

C.Animals’evolutionaryresponsesincaptivitydifferfromthoseinthewild.

D.Moreanimalssurviveinhumanenvironmentsthaninwildenvironments.

6.Whichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinparagraph5?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.Plantfoodislessexpensivethanmeat,whichexplainswhyplant-eatinganimalsareperfectcandidatesfordomestication.

B.Herbivorousanimalsarelikelytobedomesticatedbecausetheyeatlessplantmatterthanwhatcarnivoresconsumeindirectly.

C.Domesticatedanimalsareprimarilyplanteaters,butmustwildanimalsarecarnivoresthatfeedonotheranimals.

D.Itismoredifficultandcostlytodomesticatecarnivoresthantodomesticateherbivoresbecausecarnivoresaremoredangerous.

7.Whydoestheauthormentiongorillasandelephantsinparagraph5?

A.Tosuggestthatsomeoverlookedanimalscouldbedomesticated

B.Toillustratethewidevarietyamonglargeherbivores

C.Toidentifyanimalsintelligentenoughtoavoiddomestication

D.Togiveexamplesofanimalsthatgrowtooslowlyfordomestication

8.Theworddisqualifyinparagraph6isclosestinmeaningto

A.identifyB.displayC.rejectD.punish

9.Thewordpanicsinparagraph6isclosestinmeaningto

A.feelsterrorB.refusestoeat

C.attacksothersD.becomesill

10.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph6aboutdeerandantelope?

A.Theyrunawayfromhumansonlyifthreatened.

B.Theydonotsupplymeatofaconsistentquality.

C.Theyareasdangerousascertainwildhorses.

D.Theyhavenotsuccessfullybeendomesticated.

11.AllofthefollowingarecharacteristicsfavorabletodomesticationEXCEPT

A.weighingover100poundsB.unpredictablebehavior

C.abilitytobreedincaptivityD.livinginaherdwithahierarchy

12.Lookatthefoursquares,A,B,C,andD,whichindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Wherecouldthesentencebestfit?

Eurasiaisahuge,ecologicallydiverselandmass,andthereforehasagreatmanylargemammalspecies.

Earlyherdingsocietiesquicklydomesticatedalllargemammalspeciesthatweresuitablefordomestication.AThereisarchaeologicalevidencethatthesespeciesweredomesticatedbetween10,000and4,500yearsago,withinthefirstfewthousandyearsoftheoriginsoffarming-herdingsocietiesafterthelastIceAge.BThecontinentofEurasiahasbeentheprimarysiteoflargemammaldomestication.CHavingthemostspeciesofwildmammalstobeginwith,andlosingthefewesttoextinctioninthelast40,000years,Eurasiahasgeneratedthemostcandidatesfordomestication.D

13.Readthefirstsentenceofasummaryofthepassage.CompletethesummarybyselectingTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

Thedomesticationofanimalsprovidedhumanswithfood,clothing,andotherbenefits.

●

●

●

A.Themostimportantdomesticanimalsarelargeherbivorousmammalsthatliveinherds.

B.Ducks,geese,rabbits,dogs,cats,andmanyothersmallanimalshavebeendomesticated.

C.Althoughherbivoreseatmainlyplantmatter,somespeciesoccasionallyeatsmallanimals.

D.Humansquicklydomesticatedalllargemammalspeciesthatweresuitablefordomestication.

E.Animalsmusthaveseveralessentialcharacteristicsinordertobedomesticatedsuccessfully.

F.Largeherbivorousmammalsrespondinvariouswayswhenthreatenedbypredators.

2.2Words&Expressions

words

v.

Definitions

domestication

n.

adaptationtointimateassociationwithhumanbeings驯化，驯养

species

n.

（biology）taxonomicgroupwhosememberscaninterbreed种类，类别

livestock

n.

anyanimalskeptforuseorprofit[总称]家畜；牲畜

fertilizer

n.

anysubstancesuchasmanureoramixtureofnitratesusedtomakesoilmorefertile肥料

protein

n.

essentialinthedietofanimalsforgrowthandforrepairoft