欧洲文化笔记2.docx

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欧洲文化笔记2

1、Therearemanyelementsconstituting(组成)EuropeanCulture.

  2、Therearetwomajorelements:

Greco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.

  3、Therichness(丰富性)ofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-Romanele

被过滤广告

被过滤广告

mentandJudeo-Christianelement.

  第一章

  1、The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.

  2、TheeconomyofAthensrestedon(依赖)animmense(无限的)amountofslavelabour.

  3、Olympusmount,Revivedin1896(当代奥运会)

  4、AncientGreece(古希腊)‘sepicswascreatedbyHomer.

  5、TheyeventsofHomer‘sowntime.(错)

  (TheyarenotabouteventsofHomer‘sowntime,probablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.)

  6、TheHomer‘sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.

  7、Agamemnon,Hector,AchillesareinIliad.

  8、OdysseusandPenelopeareinOdyssey.

  9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→JamesJoyoe‘sUlysses(描述一天的生活)。

Inthe20thcentury.

  10、DramainAncientGreecewasflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.

  11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus

  《PrometheusBound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《PrometheusUnbound》

  ②Sophocles(之首)

  《OedipustheKing》—→Freud‘s“theOedipuscomplex”(恋母情结)—→DavidHerbertLawrence’s《Sonsandlovers》(劳伦斯)447页

  ③Euripides

  A.《TrojanWomen》

  B.Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮,属于存在主义戏剧的人物

  C.ElizabethBrowningcalledhim“Euripideshuman”(一个纯粹的人)

  D.Realismcanbetracedback(追溯到)totheAncientGreece.

  Tobespecific(具体来说),Euripides.

  12、TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekcomedyisAristophanes.18页

  Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.—→浪漫主义湖畔派(Thelakers)华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)

  13、History(Historicalwriting)史学创作

  ※“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war(betweenGreeksandPersians)

  ThiswariscalledPeleponicionwars.博罗奔泥撒,3

  只是陈述史实,并没有得出理论。

  ※“Thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”(有史以来最伟大的历史学家)—→Thucydides—→war(Sparta,AthensandSyracuse)

  14、TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.

  15、受希腊文化影响的传教士St.Paul.Democritus(Materialism)

  16、希腊文化中的哲学被基督教所吸收17、①Euclid‘sElements解析几何

  ItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.(历史地位)

  ②Archimedes

  Hisworknotonlyingeometry几何学,butalsoinarithmetic算术,machanics机械,andhydrostatics.流体静力学

  选择:

Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.谁的理论(Archimedes)

  18、Architecture古希腊建筑三大风格temple—→Parthenon帕特农神庙①TheDoricstyle

  isalsocalledmasculinestyle.(宏伟的)

  buttheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned(单调)

  issturdy(坚强的),powerful,severelooking(庄严肃穆)andshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.

  ②TheIonicstyle

  isalsocalledthefemininestyle.(阴柔的)

  isgraceful(优雅的)andelegant(优美的)。

  TheIonicstyleoftenshowsawealthofornament.(装饰性)

  ③TheCorinthianstyle

  isknownforitsornamentalluxury.(奢侈)

  19、Thefamoustemples:

TheAcrpolisatAthensandtheParthenon.

  20、TheburningofCorinthin146B.C.MarkedRomanconquestofGreece.

  21、ThemeltingbetweenRomanCultureandGreekCulture.(

罗马征服希腊的标志)

  22、From146B.C.,LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire.

  Greekthatoftheeasternhalf.

  23、BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.

  24、TheRomanwriterHoracesaid“captiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive”。

  25、Thedividingrange(分水岭)intheRomanhistoryrefersto27B.C.

  26、Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRomanhistoryintotwoperiods:

republicandempire.

  27、TheideaofRepubliccanbetracedbacktoPlato‘srepublic.

  28、ThelandareaofRomanempirereacheditsclimaxin2to3century.

  29、north:

Scotlandeast:

ArmeniaandMesopotamia

  30、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions(罗马军团)

  31、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasknownasPaxRomana.(神圣罗马帝国)

  32、名解IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPaxRomana

  33、TheRomanLawprotected(保护)therightsofplebeians(平民)。

  34、TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.

  35、After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andWest.

  36、Cicero西赛罗helegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction拉丁语用词

  describedasCiceronian.西赛罗式的

  anenormousinfluence(巨大影响)onthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.(散文)

  37、JuliusCaesarcommentaries批评论“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.”

  38、VirgilAeneid阿尼德

  39、Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C.

  Theworld‘sfirstvastinteriorspace.世界上第一所最大的室内场所

  40、TheColosseum(大理石像)it‘sanenormous.露天的环形影剧院

  41、Sculpture(雕塑)She-wolf(母狼)

  42、TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式

  43、TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的具体形式

  论述简答

  一、Whatisthelimitationof“Democracy”inancientGreece?

(名解简答)

  (Howdoyouunderstand“Democracy”inancientGreece?

Whatisthedifferencebetween“Democracy”inancientGreeceandmoderndemocracy?

  答:

  ①Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”,butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.

  ②Women,children,foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromDemocracy.

  二、HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop?

  答:

①Probablyaround1200B.C.,awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandtroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhisepics.

  ②Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.

  A.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasion(入侵)earlyinthe5thcentury.

  B.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.

  C.Theflourishing(蒸蒸日上的)ofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthens.

  ③The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.

  ④Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,GreecewasconqueredbyAlexander,kingofMacedon.Wheneverhewentandconquered,wheneverGreekculturewasfound.

  ⑤MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRomanculturein146B.C.,theRomansconqueredGreece.

  三、HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop?

  答:

  

(1)、Threefounders

  1、Pythagoras①Allthingswerenumbers.

  ②Scientificmathematics.

  ③Theoryofproportion.比例的理论

  2、Heracleitue①Fireistheprimary(主要的)elementsoftheuniverse.火是万物之源

  ②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesproducedharmony.矛盾的对立统一

  3、Democritus①theatomictheory.第一个原子理论开拓者

  ②materialism.唯物主义

  

(2)、Threethinkers

  1、Socrates①Hehadn‘tworks.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sdialogues.

  ②ThedialecticalmethodwasestablishedbySocrates.

  2、Plato①TheAcademyisthefirstschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyPlato.

  ②Hehasfourworks.Dialogues,Apology,SymposiumandRepublic.

  3、Aristotle①TheLyceumisthesecondschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyAristotle.

  ②Aristotleisahumanist.

  

(2)、Fivecontendingschools

  1、TheSophists诡辩派

  ①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.

  ②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGod.诸神论

  ③Hisdoctrine教义is“manisthemeasureofallthings”。

人是衡量一切的标准

  2、TheCynics犬儒派

  ①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.

  ②Theword“cynic”means“dog”inEnglish.

  ③Heproclaimed宣扬hisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.权利

  3、TheSceptics置疑学派

  ①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon.

  ②Histhoughtisnotallknowledgewasattainable可获得的,anddoubtingthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.

  4、TheEpicureans享乐派

  ①UndertheleadershipofEpicurus.选择:

根据领导者的名字直接命名

  ②Pleasuretobethehighestgoodinlifebutnotsensual肉欲enjoyment.享乐

  Pleasurecouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.通过实行道德获得

  Epicuruswasamaterialist.Hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.原子

  5、TheStoics斯多哥派

  ①UndertheleadershipofZeno.

  ②Histhoughtisdutyisthemostimportantthinginlife.

  Oneshouldendure忍受hardship艰难andmisfortune不幸withcourage.勇气

  DevelopedintoStoics‘duty.

  Hewasalsoamaterialist.

  四、WhatphilosophysystemdidPlatoestablished?

  (WhydowesayPlato‘sphilosophysystemwasidealistic?

DoyouthinkPlatobuiltupacomprehensive综合的systemofphilosophy?

  答:

  1、Itdealtwith,amongotherthings,theproblemofhow,inthecomplex,ever—changingworld,menweretoattain获得knowledge.

  2、Thefirstcaseandphysical自然worldshouldtakethesecondarycase.

  3、Idealisticofphilosophy.

  4、ManyofPlato‘sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.(吸收到基督教的思想中)

  五、What‘sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas(system)?

  答:

  1、Foronething,Aristotleemphasized(强调)directobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.(理论联系实际)ThisisdifferentfromPlato‘sreliance(依赖)onsubjectivethinking.(万物依赖主观思维)

  2、Foranother,hethoughtthat“form”andmattertogethermadeupconcrete(具体的)individual(个别的)realities.(物质与意识共同构成的客观事实)Here,too,hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld(意识高于物质)

  3、Aristotlethoughthappinesswasmen‘saiminlife.Butnothappinessinthevulgar庸俗的sense,butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason,goodnessandcontemplation.(善良和期待)

  一句话简答题Whatshouldbeman‘saiminlife?

  Aristotle‘sanswerwas:

happiness.

  六、WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment?

  (WhatpositiveinfluencedidtheGreekCultureexert运用ontheworldcivilization文化?

  答:

  Therehasbeenanenduringexcitement兴奋aboutclassical经典的GreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhere别处。

RediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavital有生命力的partintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.

  1、Spiritofinnovation创新精神

  TheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy;Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposed反对tomere纯粹的a

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