研究生综合英语2期末论文范例1则.docx
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研究生综合英语2期末论文范例1则
研究生综合英语
(2)2014-2015学年第二学期期末论文
题目ContrastiveAnalysisonInterculturalBusinessCommunicationbetweenChinaandAmerica
学号专业姓名
分数:
________
评语:
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2015年7月10日
中美跨文化商务交流比较分析
XXX
(XX大学XXX,XX,XX)
摘要:
本文从六个方面对中美跨文化商务交际作对比分析,如过去和未来时间取向、个人主义和集体主义、高语境和低语境文化模式、大权距和小权距、对不确定强或弱的回避性、以及多元时间模式和单一时间模式。
虽然这六个方面只能反映中美跨文化商务交际差异的个别方面,但本文通过讨论这五个方面的差异对商务谈判、商务礼仪等所造成的影响,使人们充分认识到这种差异的重要性。
最后,在分析的基础上提出相应的应对策略和建议。
关键词:
跨文化交际;商务交际;比较分析
ContrastiveAnalysisonInterculturalBusinessCommunicationbetweenChinaandAmerica
XX
(XX)
ThispapermakesacomparativeanalysisoninterculturalbusinesscommunicationbetweenChinaandAmericafromtheaspectsofpastorfutureorientation,individualismorcollectivism,highorlowcontextcommunicationcultures,largepowerdistanceorsmallpowerdistance,strongorweakuncertaintyavoidanceandmonochronicorpolychronictime.Althoughthesesixpointscanonlyreflectthetipoftheicebergconcerningthedifferencesincross-culturalbusinesscommunication,wehopetomakepeoplefullyawareofthesignificanceofthesedifferencesbyresearchingtheimpactsonbusinessnegotiation,businessetiquetteandsomeother.Finally,weputforwardthecorrespondingcountermeasuresandsomesuggestionstocopewiththesedifferencesbasedontheanalysisabove.
KeyWords:
InterculturalCommunication;BusinessCommunication;comparativeanalysis
1.Introduction
Thecross-culturebusinessnegotiation,alsocalledthecross-culturalbusinesscommunicationisanegotiationprocessparticipatedbytwoormorenegotiatorsofdifferentculturalbackgrounds,inwhichbothsidesachievetheagreementthroughcommunicationandnegotiation.Therefore,inordertotaketheinitiativeintheChina-UScross-culturalbusinessnegotiationandachievethesuccess,youmustunderstandtheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates,tryingtoreducemisunderstandingsandfrictionsintheprocessandavoidthefailureofthebusinessnegotiation.
Also,thetrendofeconomicglobalizationandinformationagewhichhasbeentalkedalotinrecentyearshasgreatlychangedpeople'slifestyleandmeansofcommunication.Owningtothesechanges,thetimeanddistanceofbusinesscooperationamongpeopleindifferentregionsorcountrieshavebeenevidentlyreducedwhichinreturnsuccessfullypromotestheefficientofbusinessandleap-forwarddevelopmentofglobalization.Meanwhileinterculturalbusinesscommunicationgainsmoreandmorewidespreadattentionaspeoplecometorealizethathowtostartbusinesswithapartnerofdifferentculturalbackgroundandhowtosolvethecommunicationbarrierscausedbyculturaldifferenceswillplayakeyroleinfuturebusiness.
ThispapermainlyaimstoanalyzethedifferenceininterculturalbusinesscommunicationbetweenChinaandAmericanandmainlyfocusonsixtopicsjustasmentionedintheabstract.Generally,itcanbedividedintosixparts.FirstI’dliketostartwiththedefinitionofcommunication,businesscommunicationandinterculturalbusinesscommunication.
Onlybyfirstgraspthenatureofwhatwediscuss,canwefurtherunderstanditsperformanceandinfluence.Afterwards,Iwillhaveanin-depthanddetailedanalysistothesixaspectsbyexploringitsdifferenceinperformanceandimpactonbusinesscommunication.Attheendofthepaper,Iwillputforwardthecorrespondingcountermeasuresandsomesuggestionstocopewiththesedifferencesbasedontheanalysisabove.
2.LiteratureReview
2.1ResearchesabouttheCommunication
Withtheprogressiveaccelerationofglobalizationintheworld,thestudyofinterculturalcommunicationisaccordinglyflourishingdaybydayonbothdomesticandinternationallevels(YanhongHu&WeiweiFan,2011).
WecanfindthedefinitionfromBaiduEncyclopedia“Communicationisaprocessofinformationexchange”,also,Wikipediaexplains“Communicationisaprocessoftransferringinformationfromoneentitytoanother”.Communicationrelatestotripartiterelationship,thesendersendsinformationtothereceiverandthereceiverresponses.Fromthisaspectweknowthattheroleofsenderandreceiverischangeable.AnotherdefinitioncomesfromAssociationforCommunicationAdministration;itfocusesonhowpeopleusemessagestogeneratemeaningswithinandacross variouscontexts,cultures,channels,andmedia.Thisdefinitionincludesthemeaningofinformationexchangingamongpeoplefromdifferentcultures.
AsYenerKeles(2013)summarizedinhisthesis,peoplewillencounterindividualsfromdifferentraces,religions,andnationalitiesintheirdaytodayencountersastheworldisturningintoaglobalvillage.Thedistinctivefeatureoflanguageisthatwordscarrymeanings,whichwelearninitiallythroughsocializationandeducation.Communicationthroughlanguagedependsuponthesemeaningsbeingsheared(RazvanDinica,2014).
2.2ResearchesaboutInterculturalCommunication
Therearemanyresearchersandacademicsproposingdifferentdefinitionsofinterculturalcommunication.ForexampleKarlfriedKnappdefineditasinteractionbetweenmembersofdifferentgroups,whichdifferfromeachotherinrespectoftheknowledgesharedbytheirmembersandtheirlinguisticformsofbehavior.RuobingChi&DanielSuthers(2015)exploreassessmentofinterculturalcommunicationcompetence(ICC)fromarelationalperspectiveusingsocialnetworkanalysis.Interculturalconflictsalwaysoccurinacertaincontext.AsTing-Toomey&Oetze(2014)says,"Interculturalconflictoftenstartswithdifferentexpectationsconcerningappropriateorinappropriateconflictbehaviorinaconflictscene."WeshouldstudythesedifferentexpectationsoftheCooperativePrincipleandthePolitenessPrinciplebetweentheChineseandAmericanculturesincertaincontexts,andfurthermore,toexplainthesedifferencesbyanalyzingtheculturaldimensions(JuYane,2008,p.16).
Ontheotherhand,itismostlyreferstoanacademicfieldofstudyorresearchandinreturnthoseacademicresultsarethenappliedtoreallifesolutions.Thus,educatorshavesomenewideas.Wang(2011)addsthatstudentsshouldbeencouragedtoexplorethenatureofreasonsfordifference,suchasthedifferentoriginsofWesternculture,adifferentmodeofthinking,normsandvalues.However,eventhoughthephenomenonofinterculturalcommunicationisasoldashumansociety,thestudyofinterculturalcommunicationasasubjectisfairlyashorthistorywhichstartedintheU.S.fromearly1950sand80sinChina.Therefore,thereisstillalongwaytogoconcerningtheresearchesinthisfield.
2.3ResearchesaboutInterculturalBusinessCommunication
Inrecentyears,manyscholarshavestudieddifferentaspectsofinterculturalbusinesscommunication.Forexample,MarcelPikhart(2014)dealswithnewrolesofcommunicationintheglobalbusinessenvironmentwhichisincreasinglybecominginterculturalandbeinginterculturalwhendoingbusinessglobally.Companieshavetofacetherealityofinterculturalenvironmentwhichbringsbothadvantagesanddrawbacks.Firmlybelievingthatcultureaffectscommunicationandcommunicationaffectsculture,AmericananthropologistEdwardHallwroteabookSilentLanguagein1959.Thisisthefirstbookincross-culturalcommunicationfieldandHallistakenasthefounderofthisfield.
BusinessCommunicationreferstopurposefulexchangeofinformationandresources,mutualsupportandcontactbetweentwoormorepartiestopromotemutuallybeneficialrelationshipforpersonalandbusinesssuccess(Liu,2007).Meanwhile;Cui(2007)definedinterculturalbusinesscommunicationasexchangesamongbusinessindividualsorsocialgroupswithdifferentculturalbackgroundsinordertoachieveexchangeofeconomicorbusinessinformation.
Culturaldifferencesarestudiedbymanyscholarsandtherealreadyexistmanydimensionsortoolstomeasurethedifferencesamongvariouscultures.Forexample,GeertHofstede(1980)offersfourdimensions:
(a)individualism,(b)powerdistance,(c)uncertaintyavoidance(d)masculinity.Later,EdwardHall(1966)provideanothertoolforassessingculturaldifference,thatis,high-contextcultureversuslow-contextCulture.Itdistinguishesamongculturesonthebasisoftheroleofcontextincommunication.ThefollowingTable1presentsasegmentofthepercentileranksforHofstede'sculturaldimensionsrelatedtoChinaandtheUnitedStates.
Table1:
PercentileRanksforHofstede'sCulturalDimensionsfortheUnitedStatedandChinabyCulturalCluster(100=Highest,50=Middle)
Country
Uncertainty
Avoidance
Individualism
Power
Distance
Masculinity
Long-TermOrientation
UnitedState
21
100
30
74
35
China
44
39
89
54
100
Source:
AdaptedfromHofstede,Geert,(1991),CulturesandOrganizations:
SoftwareoftheMind.London:
McGrawHill
BesidesanalyzingtheChinesecultureaccordingtotheabovedimensionsorassessingtools,YuxinJia(2003)studiesthedifferentthinkingmodelsbetweentheChineseandwesterncultures.Basedonmanypreviousstudiesonculturaldifferences,webrieflyintroduceseveraldifferencesbetweentheChineseandtheAmericancultures.
Moreover,Samovar,Porter&Stefani(2005)arguethemostimportantdifferencebetweentheU.S.andChinaliesinculturaldifference