大学英语自学教程中英文版.docx

大学英语自学教程中英文版.docx

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大学英语自学教程中英文版

大学英语自学教程（中）

16-A.HeartDisease:

TreatorPrevent?

OneofthegreatestkillersintheWesternworldisheartdisease.Thedeathratefromthediseasehasbeenincreasingatanalarmingspeedforthepastthirtyyears.TodayinBritain,forexample,aboutfourhundredpeopleadaydieofheartdisease.Westernhealthcaresystemsarespendinghugesumsofmoneyonthesurgicaltreatmentofthedisease.

Thisemphasisontreatmentisclearlyassociatedwiththetechnologicaladvancesthathavetakenplaceinthepasttentofifteenyears.Inthistime,moderntechnologyhasenableddoctorstodevelopnewsurgicaltechniquesandprocedures.ManyopeationsthatwereconsideredimpossibleafewyearsagoarenowperformedeverydayinU.S.hospitals.Theresulthasbeenarapidincreaseinheartsurgery.

Althoughthereisnodoubtthatalargenumberofpeoplebenefitfromheartsurgery,criticsofourhealth-caresystemspointoutthattheemphasisonthesurgicaltreatmentofthediseasehasthreecleardisadvantages.First,itattractsinterestandfinancialresourcesawayfromthequestionofprevention.Second,itcausesthecostsofgeneralhospitalcaretorise.Afterhospitalsbuytheexpensiveequipmentthatisnecessaryformodernheartsurgery,theymusttrytorecoverthemoneytheyhavespent.Todothis,theyraisecostsforalltheirpatients,notjustthosepatientswhosetreatmentrequirestheequipment.Thethirddisadvantageisthatdoctorsareencouragedtoperformsurgery--evenonpatientsforwhomanoperationisnotatallnecessary--becausetheequipmentandsurgicalexpertiseisavailable.Afederalgovernmentofficerecentlysaidthatmajorheartsurgerywasoftenper-formedeventhoughitschancesofsuccesswerelow.Inonetypeofheartsurgery,forexample,only15percentofpatientsbenefitedfromthesurgery.

Intherecentpast,medicalresearchershavebeguntoemphasizethefactthatheartdiseaseisassociatedwithstress,smokingandalackofexercise,andwecanoftenreducetheriskofheartdiseasebypayingmoreattentiontothesefactors.

Moreandmorepeoplearerealizingthatthereisaconnectionbetweenheartdiseaseandthewaytheylive.Asaresultofthisnewawareness,attitudestowardhealtharechanging.Inthepast,peopletendedtothinkthatitwassufficientforgoodhealthtohaveagooddoctorwhocouldbereliedontoknowexactlywhattodowhentheybecameill.Nowtheyarerealizingthatmerelyreceivingthebesttreatmentforillnessorinjuryisnotenough.Theyarelearningthattheymusttakemoreresponsibilityfortheirownhealth.Todaymanypeoplearechangingtheirdietaryhabitsandeatingfoodwithlessfatandcholesterol.Manyarepayingmoreattentiontoreducingstressintheirlives.ThenumberofsmokersintheUnitedStatesisnowfarbelowtheleveloftwentyyearsagoasmanypeoplesucceedinbreakingthehabitandasfewerpeopletakeitup.Moreandmorepeopleareawareofthebenefitsofregularexerciselikewalking,running,orswimming;somehavebeguntowalkorridebicyclestoworkinsteadofdriving.MillionshavebecomemembersofhealthclubsandhavemadehealthclubsoneofthefastestgrowingbusinessesintheUnitedStatestoday.Andnowthebeneficialeffectsofthesechangingattitudesandbehaviorsarebeginningtoappear:

anencouragingdecreaseindeathsfromheartdisease.

16-B.DietingFourWaytoHealth

Almosteveryoneconsidersgoingonadietsometimeinhisorherlife.All,regardlessofsexandage,havesomethingincommon--losingweightandlosingitfast.

Thoughtheircommonaimmayseembasicallygood,theyprobablydonotrealizethatmisguideddietingcandomoreharmthangoodtotheirhealth.Goingontoostrictadietcandestroythebalanceofchemicalsinthehumanbody.Thishappensbecausewhenthebodyissuddenlygivenmuchlessfoodthanusual,itfeelsasthoughitisbeingattackedandtrieshardtoprotectitselfbysavingenergy.Itdoesthisbyslowingdownmetabolism,theprocessbywhichthefoodweeatisconvertedintoenergy.Asenergyissuppliedtothebodyataslowerandslowerrate,dietersgraduallybecomesoweakthattheycandonothing.Theysoonloseinterestineverythinggoingonaboutthem,andtheirresistancetoillnessbecomessolowthattheyareeasilyattackedbyoneillnessafteranother.

Mostofthosewhodietknowthatfoodslikerice,bread,potatoes,cakes,sweets,fruitsandsomevegetablescontaincarbohydrates,andsocanmakeonefat.Whattheydonotrealize,however,isthatcarbohydratesareourbodies’mainsourceofenergy,andthatthesefoodsalsocontaincomponentsessentialforthecompositionofsubstancesthatareneededtokeepthebodyhealthy.Asaresult,theytrytoavoideatingthesefoods,andconsequently,theybecomeweakerandlesshealthy.Theybegintohavedifficultysleepingproperlyandstarttosufferfromradicalmoodchanges.Inmoreseriouscases,theyevenbegintoshowsignsofmentalillness.

1tisstrangeenoughthatmoststrictdietsrecommendartificialsweetenerstotaketheplaceofsugarandothernaturalsweeteners.Infact,suchartificialsweetenersactuallyincreaseone’sappetiteandleadtoone’seatingevenmorethanusual.

Ofcourse,thefactthatmisguidedformsofdietingresultinsomanyproblemsdoesnotmeanthatnodietingissafeoralldietingisharmfultothehealth.Properdietingcannotonlyhelpapersonloseuglyexcessfat,butcanalsohelphimorhertokeepitoffandtoleadamoreactive,happierandhealthierlife.

Youmightaskjustwhataproperdietis.Well,simplyexpressed,aproperhealthydietisonethatiswell-balanced,or,inotherwords,onethatincludesenoughbutnottoomanyofthekindsoffoodsthatprovidethebodywiththenutrientsthatitneedstofunctionproperly.Themostimportantofthesenutrientsarethemacronutrients:

proteins,carbohydratesandfats.Thebodyneedsfairlylargeamountsofproteinsandcarbohydratesforbuildingmaterialandenergy.Meat,fish,eggs,milk,cream,andnutsallcontainproteinsandfoodslikerice,bread,potatoes,etc.containcarbohydrates.Thebodyneedsfattokeepitfromthecoldandtoprovideaprotectivelayerfortheorgans,butonlyinsmallquantities.

Vitaminsandmineralssuchasiron,calcium,areanothergroupofessentialnutrients,thoughthebodydoesnotneedasgreataquantityoftheseasitdoesthemacronutrients-proteins,carbohydratesandfats.

Therearetwotypesofvitamins,water-solublevitaminsandfat-solublevitamins.Water-solublevitaminslikevitaminCandtheB-groupvitaminsdonotstayinthebodylongandsofoodscontainingthesevitaminsneedtobetakenratheroften.Ontheotherhand,thefat-solublevitamins,vitaminsA,D,EandKstayinthebodyforlongperiodsoftimeandsothereisnoneedtotakefoodscontainingthemsooften.

Onewayofgettingenoughnutrientswhilekeepingone’sweightdownistotakesubstitutesforfoodswhichcontaintoomuchfat.Forexample,insteadofregularmilk,onecantakeskimmedmilk,whichcontainsasmanyproteinsandmineralsasregularmilkbuthashadthefatremoved.Inthesameway,vegetableoilcanbeusedforcookinginsteadofanimaloil.

17-A.PanicandItsEffects

Oneafternoonwhileshewaspreparingdinnerinherkitchen,AnnePeters,a32-year-oldAmericanhousewife,suddenlyhadseverepainsinherchestaccompaniedbyshortnessofbreath.Frightenedbythethoughtthatshewashavingaheartattack,Annescreamedforhelp.HerhusbandimmediatelyrushedAnnetoanearbyhospitalwhereherpainswerediagnosedashavingbeencausedbypanic,andnotaheartattack.

MoreandmoreAmericansnowadaysarehavingpanicattacksliketheoneexperiencedbyAnnePeters.BenjaminCrocker,apsychologistattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,revealthatasmanyastenmillionadultAmericanshavealreadyexperiencedorwillexperienceatleastonepanicattackintheirlifetime.Moreover,studiesconductedbytheNationalInstituteofMentalHealthintheUnitedStatesdisclosethatapproximately1.2millionadultindividualsarecurrentlysufferingfromsevereandrecurrentpanicattacks.

Theseattacksmaylastforonlyafewminutes;some,however,continueforseveralhours.Thesymptomsofpanicattacksbearsuchremarkablesimilaritytothoseofheartattacksthatmanyvictimsbelievethattheyareindeedhavingaheartattack.

Panicattackvictimsshowthefollowingsymptoms:

theyoftenbecomeeasilyfrightenedorfeeluneasyinsituationswherepeoplenormallywouldnotbeafraid;theysuffershortnessofbreath,experiencechestpains,aquickheartbeat,suddenfitsoftrembling,afeelingthatpersonsandthingsaroundthemarenotreal;andmostofall,afearofdyingorgoingcrazy,Apersonseizedbyapanicattackmayshowallorasfewasfourofthesesymptoms.

Therehasbeenalotofexplanationsastothecausesofpanicattacks.Manyclaimthatpsychologicalstresscouldbealogicalcause,butasyet,noevidencehasbeenfoundtosupportthistheory.However,studiesshowthatmorewomenthanmenexperiencepanicattacksandpeoplewhodrinkalotaswellasthosewhousedrugsaremorelikelytosufferattacks.

Itisreportedthatthereareatleastthreesignsthatindicateaper-sonissufferingfromapanicattackratherthanaheartattack.Thefirstisage.Peoplebetweentheagesof20and30aremoreoftenvictimsofpanicattacks.Thesecondissex.Morewomensufferfromrecurrentpanicattacksthanmen.Thethirdisthemultiplicityofsymptoms.Apanicattackvictimusuallysuffersatleastfourofthepreviouslymentionedsymptoms,whileaheartattackvictimoftenexperiencesonlypainandshortnessofbreath.

Itisgenerallyagreedthatapan