完整版语言学Chapter4Exercises含答案docx.docx
《完整版语言学Chapter4Exercises含答案docx.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《完整版语言学Chapter4Exercises含答案docx.docx（8页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。
完整版语言学Chapter4Exercises含答案docx
Chapter4FromWordtoText
I.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse:
1.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.
2.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthere
isnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.
3.Anendocentricconstructionisalsoknownasheadedconstructionbecauseithasjustonehead
4.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.
5.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.
6.Numberandgenderarecategoriesofnounandpronoun.
7.WordorderplaysanimportantroleintheorganizationofEnglishsentences.
8.LikeEnglish,modernChineseisaSVOlanguage.
9.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.
10.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.
（1-5TTFTF6-10TTTTT）
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
1As________isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand
2.Aclausethattakesasubjectandafiniteverb,andatthesametimestructurallyaloneisknownasanf__________clause
3.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp_________.
4.Ac_________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.
5.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledane_______clause.
6.Majorlexicalcategoriesareo___categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.
7.G_________relationsrefertothestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsbetweeneverynounphraseandsentence
8.Aa__________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.
9.As__________isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.
10.As__________maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.
Answers:
1.
sentence
2.finite
3.
predicate
4.
complex
5.embedded
6.
open
7.grammatical
8.
simple
9.
sentence
10.subject
III.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
1Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is__________
AthecityBRomeCcityDthecityand
Rome
2.A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.
A.coordinatorB.particleC.Preposition
D.subordinator
3Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.
A.recursiveB.grammatical
C.socialD.functional
4.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand
_____________.
A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.
B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwords
C.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentences
D.Alloftheabove.
5Thephrase“onthehalf
AendocentricB
”belongsto________constructionexocentricCsubordinateD
coordinate
6.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforthefactthat
__________.
A.nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobject
positions.
B.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernoun
phrase
C.nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositions
D.nounphrasecanbemovedtoanyplaceifnecessary.
7
Thesentencestructureis________.
A.onlylinear
B.Onlyhierarchical
C.compel
D.bothlinearand
hierarchical
8.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.
A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite
9.The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.
A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.
combinational
10Thesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves”isa
____________sentence
Asimple
Bcoordinate
Ccompound
D
complex
Answers:
1D2D3.A4D5B6A7D8C9D10A
IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.
1.Syntax
2.ICanalysis
3.Hierarchicalstructure
Answers:
1.Syntax:
Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.
2.ICanalysis:
Immediateconstituentanalysis,ICanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediate
constituents–wordgroups（phrases）,whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.
3.Hierarchicalstructure:
Itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNP,VPandPP.
V.Answerthefollowingquestions:
1.Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?
Illustratethemwithexamples.
2.Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?
3.DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:
Thechildaskedforanewbook
4.Whatarethemajortypesofsentencesaccordingtotraditionalapproach?
Illustratethemwithexamples？
Answers:
1.Traditionally,therearethreemajortypesofsentences.They
aresimplesentence,coordinate（compound）sentence,andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence,forexample:
Johnreadsextensively.Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatis
calledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".For
example:
Johnisreadinga
linguisticbook,andMary
is
preparingforherhistoryexam.
Acomplexsentencecontains
two,ormore,clauses,oneof
whichisincorporatedinto
the
other.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexample:
BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlinguistics.
2.Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Atypicalexampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.Theexocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofits
constituents.Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.
3.略
4.Traditionally,therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence,coordinate（compound）sentence,andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence,forexample:
Johnreadsextensively.Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and",
"but","or".Forexample:
Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparingforherhistoryexam.Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexample:
BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlinguistics.
升级会员 