完整版语言学Chapter4Exercises含答案docx.docx

1、完整版语言学Chapter4Exercises含答案docxChapter 4 From Word to TextI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.2.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but thereis no limit to the number of sentenc

2、es native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.3.An endocentric construction is also known as headed construction because it has just one head4.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.5.In Engli

3、sh syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.6.Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun.7.Word order plays an important role in the organization of English sentences.8.Like

4、English, modern Chinese is a SVO language.9.In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.10.A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.( 1-5 TTFTF 6-10 TTTTT )II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins

5、 with the letter given:1A s_ is a structurally in dependent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command2.A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time structurally alone is known as an f_ clause3.The part of a sentence which

6、 comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_.4.A c_ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.5.In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_ claus

7、e.6.Major lexical categories are o_ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.7.G_ relations refer to the structural and logical functional relations between every noun phrase and sentence8.A a_ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stand

8、s alone as its own sentence.9.A s_ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.10.A s_ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.Answers:1.sentence2. plex5. embedded6.open7. gramm

9、atical8.simple9.sentence10. subjectIII.There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement :1 The head of the phrase “ the city Rome ” is_A the city B Rome C city D the city andRome2.A _ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word th

10、at introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinator B. particle C. PrepositionD. subordinator3 Phrase structure rules have _ properties.A. recursive B. grammaticalC. social D. functional4.Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand_.A.how words and phrases form sentences.B.what constitutes the

11、 grammaticality of strings of wordsC.how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD.All of the above.5 The phrase “ on the halfA endocentric B” belongs to _construction exocentric C subordinate Dcoordinate6. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that_.A.noun phrases appear only in

12、 subject and objectpositions.B.noun phrases can be used to modify another nounphraseC.noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD.noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.7The sentence structure is _.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. compelD. both linear andhierarchical8.The syntact

13、ic rules of any language are _ in number.A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite9.The _ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexical B. morphological C. linguistic D.combinational10The sentence “ They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselv

14、es ” is a_sentenceA simpleB coordinateC compoundDcomplexAnswers:1 D 2 D 3. A 4 D 5 B 6 A 7 D 8 C 9 D 10 AIV . Explain the following terms, using examples.1.Syntax2.IC analysis3.Hierarchical structureAnswers :1.Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences

15、in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.2.IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediateconstituents word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of thei

16、r own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.3.Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.V.Answer the following questions:1.What a

17、re the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples.2.What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?3.Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The child asked for a new book4.What are the major types of sentences according to

18、 traditional approach? Illustrate them with examples ？Answers :1. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. Theyare simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands

19、alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that iscalled coordinating conjunction, such as and, but, or. Forexample: John is reading alinguistic book, and Maryispreparing for her history exam.A complex sentence

20、containstwo, or more, clauses, one ofwhich is incorporated intotheother. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in linguistics.2.An endocentric construction is one whose dis

21、tribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as

22、a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of itsconstituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.3.略4.Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex se

23、ntence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as and,but, or.

24、For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For exam­ple: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin­guistics.