cet4真题泄露.docx

cet4真题泄露.docx

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cet4真题泄露

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ByMaryBethMarklein,USATODAY

Goodgradesandhightestscoresstillmatter—alot—tomanycollegesastheyawardfinancialaid.

Butwithlow-incomestudentsprojectedtomakeupanever-largershareofthecollege-boundpopulationincomingyears,someschoolsarere-examiningwhetherthataid,typicallyknownasmeritaid,isthemosteffectiveuseofpreciousinstitutionaldollars.

GeorgeWashingtonUniversityinWashington,D.C.,forexample,saidlastweekthatitwouldcutthevalueofitsaveragemeritscholarshipsbyaboutone-thirdandparethenumberofrecipients,pouringthesavings,about$2.5million,intoneed-basedaid.AlleghenyCollegeinMeadville,Pa.,madeasimilardecisionthreeyearsago.

Now,HamiltonCollegeinClinton,N.Y.,saysitwillphaseoutmeritscholarshipsaltogether.Nocurrentmerit-aidrecipientswilllosetheirscholarships,butneed-basedaidalonewillbeawardedbeginningwithstudentsenteringinfall2008.

Notallcollegesoffermeritaid;generally,themoreselectiveaschool,thelesslikelyitistodoso.HarvardandPrinceton,forexample,offergenerousneed-basedpackages,butplentyoffamilieswhodon'tmeetneedeligibilityhavebeenwillingtopaywhatevertheymustforabig-nameschool.

Forsmallregionalcollegesthatstrugglejusttofillseats,meritaidcanbeanimportantrevenue-builderbecausemanyrecipientsstillpayenoughtuitiondollarsoverandabovethescholarshipamounttokeeptheinstitutionrunning.

Butforrankings-consciousschoolsinbetween,meritaidhasservedprimarilyasatooltorecruittopstudentsandtoimprovetheiracademicprofiles."They'retryingtobuystudents,"saysSkidmoreCollegeeconomistSandyBaum.

Re-evaluatingaid

Studiesshowmeritaidalsotendstobenefitdisproportionatelystudentswhocouldaffordtoenrollwithoutit.That'swheredemographicsenterthepicture.

"Aswelooktothefuture,weseeamorepressingneedtoinvestinneed-basedaid,"saysMonicaInzer,deanofadmissionandfinancialaidatHamilton,whichhasofferedmeritscholarshipsfor10years.Duringthattime,itroseinUSNews&WorldReport'srankingofthebestliberalartscolleges,from25to17.

Meritaid,whichbenefitedabout75studentsayear,orabout4%ofitsstudentbody,atacostofabout$1millionayear,"serveduswell,"Inzersays,but"tobediscountingthepriceforfamiliesthatdon'tneedfinancialaiddoesn'tfeelrightanymore."

Need-basedaidremainsbyfarthelargestshareofallstudentaid,whichincludesstate,federalandinstitutionalgrants.Butmeritaid,offeredprimarilybyschoolsandstates,isgrowingfaster,bothoverallandattheinstitutionallevel.

Between1995-96and2003-04,institutionalmeritaidaloneincreased212%,comparedwith47%forneed-basedgrants,astudybyPennsylvaniaStateUniversityprofessorDonaldHellersays.Atleast15statesalsooffermeritaid,typicallyinabidtoenrolltopstudentsinthestate'spublicinstitutions.

Butinrecentyears,agrowingchorusofcriticshasbegunpressuringschoolstodropthepractice.RecentdecisionsbyHamiltonandothersmaybe"asignthatpeoplearestartingtorealizethatthere'sthisdestructivecompetitiongoingon,"saysBaum,co-authorofarecentCollegeReportthatraisesconcernsabouttheroleofinstitutionalaidnotbasedonneed.

Afast'merry-go-round'

DavidLaird,presidentofthe17-memberMinnesotaPrivateCollegeCouncil,saysmanyofhisschoolswouldliketoreducetheirmeritaidbutfearthatindoingso,theywouldlosetopstudentstotheircompetitors.

"Noonecantakeunilateralaction,"saysLaird,whoisexploringwhethertoseekanexemptionfromfederalantitrustlawssomembercollegescandiscusshowtheycouldjointlyreducemeritaid."Thisisamerry-go-roundthat'sgoingveryfast,andnoneoftheinstitutionsbelievetheycansustaintherisksoftryingtobreakawaybythemselves."

Acomplicatingfactor,heandothersnote,isthatmeritaidhasbecomesopopularwithmiddle-incomefamilies,whodon'tqualifyforneed-basedaid,thatmanyhavecometodependonit.And,astuitionscontinuetoincrease,thelinebetweenmeritandneedblurs.

That'sonereasonAlleghenyCollegedoesn'tplantodropmeritaidentirely.

"Westillbelieveinrewardingsuperiorachievementsandknowthatthesetop-notchstudentstrulyvaluethescholarship,"saysScottFriedhoff,Allegheny'svicepresidentforenrollment.

EmoryUniversityinAtlanta,whichboastsa$4.7billionendowment,meanwhile,istakinganothertack.Thisyear,itannounceditwouldeliminateloansforneedystudentsandcapthemformiddle-incomefamilies.Atthesametime,itsaiditwouldexpandits28-year-oldmeritprogram.

"Yeah,we'replayingthemeritgame,"acknowledgesTomLancaster,seniorassociatedeanforundergraduateeducation.Butithasitsstrongpoints,too,hesays.

"Thefactofthematteris,it'snotjustaboutthelowest-incomepeople.ItistheaverageAmericanmiddle-classfamilywhoisbeingpricedoutofthemarket."

选词填空

Childhood:

FathersInfluenceaChild’sLanguageDevelopment窗体顶端

窗体底端

Infamilieswithtwoworkingparents,fathersmayhavemoreimpactonachild’slanguagedevelopmentthanmothers,anewstudysuggests.

SkiptonextparagraphRelated

MoreVitalSignsColumns»

Researchersrecruited92familiesfrom11childcarecentersbeforetheirchildrenwereayearold,interviewingeachtoestablishincome,levelofeducationandchildcarearrangements.Overall,itwasagroupofwell-educatedmiddle-classfamilies,withmarriedparentsbothlivinginthehome.

Whenthechildrenwere2,researchersvideotapedthemathomeinfree-playsessionswithbothparents,recordingalloftheirspeech.ThestudywillappearintheNovemberissueofTheJournalofAppliedDevelopmentalPsychology.

Thescientistsmeasuredthetotalnumberofutterancesoftheparents,thenumberofdifferentwordstheyused,thecomplexityoftheirsentencesandotheraspectsoftheirspeech.Onaverage,fathersspokelessthanmothersdid,buttheydidnotdifferinthelengthofutterancesorproportionofquestionsasked.

Finally,theresearchersanalyzedthechildren’sspeechatage3,usingastandardizedlanguagetest.Theonlypredictorsofhighscoresonthetestwerethemother’slevelofeducation,thequalityofchildcareandthenumberofdifferentwordsthefatherused.

Theresearchersareunsurewhythefather’sspeech,andnotthemother’s,hadaneffect.

“It’swellestablishedthatthemother’slanguagedoeshaveanimpact,”saidNadyaPancsofar,theleadauthorofthestudyandagraduateresearchassistantattheFrankPorterGrahamChildDevelopmentInstituteattheUniversityofNorthCarolina.Itcouldbethatthehigh-functioningmothersinthestudyhadalreadyhadastronginfluenceontheirchildren’sspeechdevelopment,Ms.Pancsofarsaid,“oritmaybethatmothersarecontributinginawaywedidn’tmeasureinthestudy.”

阅读理解一WhatMichelleCanTeachUs

ForgetClaireHuxtable.Shecouldbeareal-liferolemodelforblackwomen.

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Throughoutthislong,tenseelection,everyonehasfocusedonthepresidentialcandidatesandhowthey'llchangeAmerica.Rightlyso.Butselfishly,I'mmorefascinatedbyMichelleObamaandwhatshemightbeabletodo,notjustforthiscountry,butformeasanAfrican-Americanwoman.AsthepotentialFirstLady,shewouldhavetheworld'sattention.AndthatmeansthatforthefirsttimepeoplewillhaveachancetogetupcloseandpersonalwiththetypeofAfrican-Americanwomantheysorarelysee.

Usually,thelivesofblackwomengolargelyunexamined.Theprevailingtheoryseemstobethatwe'reallhot-temperedsinglemotherswhocan'tkeepamanand,accordingtoCNN's"BlackinAmerica,"documentary,thoseofuswhoaren'tstreet-walkingcrackaddictsareonthevergeofdyingfromAIDS.AswriterRebeccaWalkerputitonherFacebookpage:

"CNNshouldcallmenexttimetheyreallywanttoshowdiversityandmeetrealblackwomenthatnobodyseemstotalkabout.''

LikeWalker,ItooknowmorethanmyshareofblackwomenwhohavelittleincommonwiththeblackfemaleimagesIseeinthemedia.My"sistafriends"aremostlycollegeeducated,inhealthy,productiverelationshipsandhaveamajoraversiontosassyone-liners.Theyareteachers,doctorsandbusinessowners.Ofcourse,therearethoseofuswhonevergetthechancetopullittogether.Andweacceptandembracethem—buttheirstoriescan'tandshouldn'tbetheonlyonestold.

YetpopculturecontinuestoholdaveryunevolvedviewofAfrican-Americanwomen.TakeHBO'snewvampiresaga"TrueBlood."Evenintheworldofmake-believe,blackwomenstillcan'tescapethestereotypeofbeingneck-swirling,eye-rolling,oversexedfemalesraisedbyournever-married,alcoholicmothers.WhereisClaireHuxtablewhenyouneedher?

Theseimageshavehelpeddefinethewayallblackwomenareviewed,includingMichelleObama.Beforesheevergetsthechancetocommittoacause,charityorfoundationasFirstLady,hermosturgentandperhapsmostcomplicateddutymaybesimplytobeherself.

Itwon'tbeeasy.Sinceheremergenceonthenationalscene,Obamahasbeendeemedradical,divisiveandtheadjectivethatnomodern-dayblackwomancanlivewithout:

angry.Thankfully,sofar,she'senduredthesedemeaningaccusationswithasmileandshrug—atleastinpublic.ButifshedoesendupintheWhiteHouse,continuingtodialbackherstraightforward,vibrantpersonalityisn'ttheanswer.InthesamewaythatEleanorRoosevelt,JackieKennedyandHillaryClintoneachredefinedwhatitmeanttobeFirstLady,Michellewillforgeherownpath.Notonlywillshedrawtheusualcriticisms,butshe'll