雅思写作讲义强化段张赞.docx

雅思写作讲义强化段张赞.docx

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雅思写作讲义强化段张赞

A.雅思写作基本概况

Task1:

图表题（曲线图，表格，柱状图，饼状图，流程图，地图）

Task2:

辩论型题目+说明型题目

20minutes+40minutes

150words+250words

9*40%+9*60%=finalscore

B.雅思写作评分标准

TR-TaskResponse任务完成程度

a.Addressallpartsofthetask（content）内容切题

b.Presentaclearposition（position）立场明确

c.Present,extendandsupportmainideas（organization）组织缜密

CC-Coherence&Cohesion衔接与整合程度

a.Logicallyorganizeideas论证富于逻辑

b.Usearangeofcohesivedevices衔接方式多样

LC-LexicalResource词汇丰富程度

a.Theaccuracyofvocabulary词汇的准确性

b.Thevarietyofvocabulary词汇的多样性

GRA-GrammaticalRange&Accuracy语法多样及准确程度

a.语法的准确性（参看雅思写作常见语法错误）：

主谓不一致，动词连用，介词使用错误，词性使用错误等。

雅思写作常见语法错误

1.非谓语动词使用错误

1-1.Eattoomuchisbadforpeople’shealth.

1-2.Hethinksthatholdapositiveattitudetowardlifeandkeepworkinghardiscrucial.

1-3.Thegovernmentauthorityspendsfinancialresourcesonartswilltakesomerisks.

1-4.Scientificurbanplanningfacilitatesalleviatetrafficcongestion.

1-5.TheproportionofagedpeopleinUSAwasincreaseto18%intheyear2008.

1-6.ThefigureofAsianlanguagestudentsraisedtothehighestpointwas150.

2.主谓搭配错误（主谓不一致）

2-1.Thedevelopmentofculturalandeducationalindustriesareimportantforimprovingpeople’slivingstandard.

2-2.Thequalityofpublicservicesattractattentionsfromthegeneralpublic.

2-3.Spendingtimeandmoneyontheseprojectsarenecessary.

2-4.Howyourespondtotheseproblemsshowyourattitude.

3.词性使用错误

3-1.Educationisbenefitforeconomicdevelopment.

3-2.Governmentshavealreadyrealizedtheimportantofdevelopingpublictransportation.

3-3.Wearefacedwithmanysocialproblems,suchaspoor,unemployandenvironmentpollute.

4.介词使用错误

4-1.Individualsareseekingsolutionsfortheseproblems.

4-2.Governmentsdevoteeffortsforimprovingpeople’squalityoflife.

4-3.Somepeoplepersistonthisstandpoint.

5.连词使用错误

5-1.Despitemobilephonesbringbenefitstohumanbeings,buttheyalsocauseinconvenience.

5-2.BecausetherearelotsofimagesofviolencearedisplayedonTVprograms,thusmoreyoungpeoplebecomeaggressive.

6.名词单复数使用错误

6-1.Someindividualholdthatinternationalnewsshouldbeincludedintothesubjectsofmiddleschools.

6-2.ThedatasexhibitthattheproportionofagedpopulationinChinaisincreasingnowadays.

b.语法的多样性

b-1状语

b-1-1现在分词作状语表示伴随状态：

1.Parentsareofobligationstoimpartchildrenwithfundamentalsocialvalues,includingrespectingseniorsandobeyingrules.（whichinclude……）

2.Knowledgeacquiredfromeducationalinstitutionsisacademicratherthanpractical,renderingyounggraduatesbecomelesscompetitiveinlabormarket.（whichrenders……）

3.TheimagesofdisastershownonTVprogramsmayimmerseindividualsindepressionandfrustration,deterioratingpeople’spsychologicalandmentalfitness.（which/allofwhichdeteriorate……）

4.Governmentexpenditureforinfrastructuresuppliesaconsiderablenumberofjobpositions,leadingtotheenlargementofemploymentchannels.（whichleadto……）

b-1-2现在分词作状语表示原因：

1.Adoptingthetax-cutpolicytoencourageenterprisestohireyounggraduates,thegovernmentauthorityenlargesemploymentchannels.

比较:

Becausethegovernmentauthorityadoptsthetax-cutpolicytoencourageenterprisestohireyounggraduates,itenlargesemploymentchannels.

b-1-3现在分词作作状语表示时间：

Finishinghisstudyingabroad,heorshewillhavemoreopportunitiesforhisorherfuturecareer.

比较:

Whenonefinisheshisstudyingabroad,heorshewillhavemoreopportunitiesforhisorherfuturecareer.

b-1-4过去分词作状语表示背景或者情况：

Promotedbygovernmentexpenditure,thepublictransportationgainsasignificantdevelopment.

比较:

Undertheconditionofbeingpromotedbygovernmentexpenditure,thepublictransportationgainsasignificantdevelopment.

b-1-5过去分词作状语表示原因：

Builtupinsuburbanarea,ithasmuchlessexposuretoairpollution.

比较:

Becauseitisbuiltupinsuburbanarea,ithasmuchlessexposuretoairpollution.

b-1-6过去分词作状语表示条件：

Bannedsmokingtotally,moreseriousproblemssuchasunemploymentwillarise.

比较:

Ifsmokingistotallybanned,moreseriousproblemssuchasunemploymentwillarise.

b-2定语

b-2-1介宾短语作定语：

1.Hehasajobonfull-timebasis.

2.Theydecidetosetupthemeetingsometimebetweensevenandnine.

3.Deterredbytheharshpunishments,individualswithintentionstobreakthelawsareinclinedtostraightenupandleadrespectablelives.

b-2-2介词前置的定语从句：

1.定语从句中含有介词词组的需要

benefitfrom（by）……

Inkindergartens,therearemanyeducationalfacilities,fromwhichchildrencanbenefit.

graduatefrom……

Experienceisaschoolfromwhichyouwillnevergraduate.

beinterestedin……

Thedilemmaofefficiencyandequalityisatopicinwhichpoliticiansareinterested.

2.定语从句句意的需要

Ihituponanarticle,inwhichsomepeopleholdthatstudentsshouldwearuniformseveryday.

LibertyisanindispensableprinciplederivedfromtheFrenchRevolution,bywhichthecivilizationisevolved.

Kindnessisthegoldenchainbywhichsocietyisboundtogether.

b-2-3其它定语表示法：

关系到经济发展的教育事业受到政府的高度关注。

1.过去分词作定语

Educationalindustryassociatedwitheconomicdevelopmentreceivesgovernments’attentions.

2.现在分词作定语

Educationalindustryassociatingwitheconomicdevelopmentreceivesgovernments’attentions.

3.动词不定式作定语

Educationalindustrytoassociatewitheconomicdevelopmentreceivesgovernments’attentions.

b-2-4定语表示法综合运用：

1.过去分词作定语+从句作定语

Knowledgeacquiredfromeducationalinstitutionsisacademicratherthanpracticaloriented,whichrendersyounggraduatesbecomelesscompetitiveinlabormarket.

2.现在分词作定语+从句作定语（介词前置的定语从句）

Thepoliciesincludingcuttingtaxesandgrantingsubsidiesforthoseenterpriseswhohireyouthscontributetoprovidingincentivesforemployers,bywhichemploymentchannelscanbeexpanded.

3.介宾短语作定语+动词不定式作定语

Thelackofformulationoflawstoregulatethecontentsofmedialeadstotheinappropriateimages.

4.动词不定式作定语+从句作定语+介宾短语作定语+过去分词作定语

Peoplecanobtaininformationwithregardtoemploymentopportunityviarecruitmentadvertisingstobepostedbyemployers,whichnotonlyfacilitateenlargingemployment,butalsoreducetheriskofmismatchbetweentheskillsofferedbypeopleandtheskillsneededbyindustry.

b-3倒装

b-3-1.部分倒装

Hardly,onlyif,undernocircumstances,onlyinthisway,

b-3-2全部倒装

With或者alongwith置于句首

Withglobalizationhavecomemanyproblems.

Therebe结构

TherearebloodyandviolentcontentsintheInternet.

b-3-3表语前置

Fascinatingascomputersutilizedineducationseem,teachers’rolesaremoreimperative.

Task-1范文

流程图C8（p.78）

Thefirstdiagramillustratestheprocessinwhichcementisproduced,whiletheseconddiagramexhibitstheprocedureandcomponentoftheproductionofconcrete.Itcanbeseenfromthechartsthatavarietyofequipmentsareappliedintheproductionprocess.

Asindicatedinthefirstgraph,thefirststageofproducingcementismakingpowderbycrushinglimestoneandclay.Thepowderisfurtherprocessedthroughmixerandheatedbyrotatingheater.Oncethisprocessingcycleiscompleted,thepowderisgrindedtocement,whichispackedintobags.

Accordingtothesecondgraph,theconcrete-makingprocessrequiresfourtypesofingredients,eachofwhichhasdistinctproportion.Tobespecific,theproportionofcement,water,sandandgravelaccountsfor15%,10%,25%and50%respectively.Byarotatingprocessfromaconcretemixer,theingredientsaremixedtomakeconcrete.

Overall,thediagramsrevealtheproductionprocessofcementandconcrete,whichneedsvariousequipmentsandmeticulousproportioning.

表格

•ThefollowingtwotablesshowthefiguresoflanguagestudentsinaprivatecollegeandapubliccollegeinAmerica.

•Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.

•Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

Table-1:

ThenumberoflanguagestudentsinaprivatecollegeofAmerica

Asia

Africa

Europe

MiddleEast

SouthAmerica

2001

190

38

84

79

56

2002

345

56

112

98

87

2003

512

102

187

122

197

Total

1047

196

381

299

340

Table-2:

ThenumberoflanguagestudentsinapubliccollegeofAmerica

Asia

Africa

Europe

MiddleEast

SouthAmerica

2001

58

6

98

12

86

2002

86

23

178

32

124

2003

156

45

207

56

156

Total

300

74

483

100

366

ThetwotablesmakeacomparisonamongfivedifferentregionsintermsofthefiguresoflanguagestudentsinAmericancollegesfrom2001to2003.Theyexhibitthatthefiguresvarywidelyfromregiontoregion.

Accordingtothefirsttable,intheprivatecollege,thefigureofAsianlanguagestudentswasofthehighestvalue,accountingfor1047.Bycontrast,thesmallestnumberofthosewhostudylanguageinUSAoccurredinAfrica,whichamountedto196.ThetablefurtherdemonstratesthatthenumberofSouthAmericanstudentsincreasedwiththehighestrate,whichwasfrom56intheyear2001to197in2003.However,theamountofstudentsfromMiddleEastrosethemostslowlywiththegrowthrateoflessthan100%.

Asindicatedinthesecondtable,inthepubliccollege,thelargestamountofstudentsemergedinEurope,whichpeakedat483.Incontrary,thefigureofAfricanstudentswasatthelowestpoint,reachingonly74,inspiteofthefactthatthenumberraisedthemostrapidlywiththeincreaserateofmorethan7times.Equallyimportant,thefigureofstudentsfromSouthAmericarosewiththelowestrateatlessthan200%.

Fromtheabovefigures,itissafetodrawtheconclusionthatpublicschoolsandprivateschoolsintheU.S.attractlanguagestudentswithavarietyofbackgrounds.

柱状图C5（p.52）

Thefirstbarchartmakesacomparisonamongfiveagegro