跨文化交流考试题.docx

跨文化交流考试题.docx

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跨文化交流考试题

Examination

1.whatisinterculturalcommunication?

whathaveyoulearnedfromthisclass?

Interculturalcommunication isaformofcommunicationthataimstoshareinformationacrossdifferentculturesandsocialgroups.Itisusedtodescribethewiderangeofcommunicationprocessesandproblemsthatnaturallyappearwithinanorganizationorsocialcontextmadeupofindividualsfromdifferentreligious,social,ethnic,andeducationalbackgrounds.Interculturalcommunicationissometimesused synonymously with cross-culturalcommunication.Inthissenseitseekstounderstandhowpeoplefromdifferentcountriesand cultures act, communicate and perceive theworldaroundthem.Manypeopleininterculturalbusinesscommunicationarguethatculturedetermineshowindividualsencodemessages,whatmediumtheychoosefortransmittingthem,andthewaymessagesareinterpreted.[1] TheEuropeanresearcherDanieleTrevisanipointedoutthesemanticdistinctionbetweenInterculturalandCross-CulturalCommunicationshouldbeclearlyspecified:

InterculturalCommunicationproperlyreferstothestudyofthe"interaction"betweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures,whileCross-CulturalCommunicationspecificallyreferstothecomparisonofhowpeoplefromdifferentculturescommunicate.Inotherwords,Cross-CulturalCommunicationisa"staticdifferentialimage"depictingdifferencesincommunicationpatternsacrossdifferentcultures,whileInterculturalCommunicationstudies"dynamicinteractionalpatterns",whathappenswhenpeoplefromatleasttwodifferentculturesmeetandinteract,andwhat"frames"aregeneratedfromthisinteraction,e.g.understandingvs.misunderstanding,agreementvs.disagreement,culturaladaptationvs.culturalisolation,emergingof"thirdcultures",conflictvs.cooperation,interculturalteamcohesivenessvs.teammisunderstandings,interculturalprojectssuccessvs.projectsfailure,emotionalimprovementvs.emotionaldeterioration,andanyotherrelationaloutcome（Trevisani,2005）.[2] Inabroadersense,Interculturalcommunicationencompasses cross-culturalcommunication, internationalcommunication, developmentcommunication,andinterculturalcommunication'snarrowerreferent,interculturalcommunicationproper.[3] Withregardtointerculturalcommunicationproper,itstudiessituationswherepeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds interact.Asidefromlanguage,interculturalcommunicationfocusesonsocialattributes,thoughtpatterns,andtheculturesofdifferentgroupsofpeople.Italsoinvolvesunderstandingthedifferentcultures,languagesandcustomsofpeoplefromothercountries.Interculturalcommunicationplaysarolein socialsciences suchasanthropology, culturalstudies, linguistics, psychology and communicationstudies.Interculturalcommunicationisalsoreferredtoasthebaseforinternationalbusinesses.Thereareseveralcross-culturalserviceprovidersaroundwhocanassistwiththedevelopmentofinterculturalcommunicationskills.Researchisamajorpartofthedevelopmentofinterculturalcommunicationskills.[4][5]

2.Explainthedifferencebetweenverbalcommunicationandnon-verbalcommunicationindetails.

--Verbalcommunication

consistofmessagesbeingsentandreceivedcontinuously withthespeakerandthelistener,itisfocusedonthewaymessagesareportrayed.Verbalcommunicationisbasedonlanguageanduseofexpression,thetoneinwhichthesenderofthemessagerelaysthecommunicationcandeterminehowthemessageisreceivedandinwhatcontext.

Factorsthateffectverbalcommunication:

∙Toneofvoice

∙Useofdescriptivewords

∙Emphasisoncertainphrases

∙Volumeofvoice

Thewayamessageisreceivedisdependentonthesefactorsastheygiveagreaterinterpretationforthereceiverastowhatismeantbythemessageis.Byemphasizingacertainphrasewiththetoneofvoice,thisindicatesthatitisimportantandshebefocusedmoreon.

Alongwiththeseattributes verbalcommunicationisalsoaccompaniedwithnon-verbalcues.Thesecuesmakethemessageclearerandgivethelisteneranindicationofwhatwaytheinformationshouldbereceived.[23]

Exampleofnon-verbalcues

∙Facialexpressions

∙Handgestures

∙Useofobjects

∙Bodymovement

Intermsofinterculturalcommunicationtherearelanguagebarrierswhichareeffectedbyverbalformsofcommunication.Inthisinstancethereisopportunityformiscommunicationbetweentwoormoreparties.[24] Otherbarriersthatcontributetomiscommunicationwouldbethetypeofwordschoseninconversation.dotodifferentculturestherearedifferentmeaninginvocabularychosen,thisallowsforamessagebetweenthesenderandreceivertobemisconstrued.[25]

6.Explaintheprosandconsofnonverbalcommunication.

NonverbalCommunication[edit]

Nonverbalcommunication isbehaviorthatcommunicateswithoutwords—thoughitoftenmayaccompaniedbywords.Nonverbalbehaviorcanincludethingssuchas

∙facialexpressionsandgestures

∙clothing

∙movement

∙posture

∙eyecontact.[26]

Whentheseactionsarepairedwithverbalcommunicationamessageiscreatedandsentout.Aformofnonverbalcommunicationiskinesicbehaviour.Kinesicbehaviouriscommunicationthroughbodymovement—e.g.,posture,gestures,facialexpressionsandeyecontact.Themeaningofsuchbehaviourvariesacrosscountriesandaffectsinterculturalcommunication.Aformofkinesicnonverbalcommunicationiseyecontactandtheuseoftheeyestoconveymessages.Overall,nonverbalcommunicationgivescluestowhatisbeingsaidverballybyphysicalportrayals.

Nonverbalcommunicationtechniquesusedaroundtheworldandinmultiplecultures.

Nonverbalcommunicationandkinesicisnottheonlywaytocommunicatewithoutwords. Proxemics,aformofnonverbalcommunication,dealswiththeinfluenceofproximityandspaceoncommunication.Anotherformofnonverbalbehaviourandcommunicationdealingwithinterculturalcommunicationisparalanguage. Paralanguage referstohowsomethingissaid,ratherthanthecontentofwhatissaid—e.g.,rateofspeech,toneandinflectionofvoice,othernoises,laughing,yawning,andsilence.Paralanguagewillbelatertouchedonintheverbalsectionofinterculturalcommunication.

Nonverbalcommunicationhasbeenshowntoaccountforbetween65%and93%ofinterpretedcommunication.[27] Minorvariationsinbodylanguage,speechrhythms,andpunctualityoftencausemistrustandmisperceptionofthesituationamongcross-culturalparties.Thisiswherenonverbalcommunicationcancauseproblemswithinterculturalcommunication.Misunderstandingswithnonverbalcommunicationcanleadtomiscommunicationandinsultswithculturaldifferences.Forexample,ahandshakeinoneculturemayberecognizedasappropriate,whereasanotherculturemayrecognizeitasrudeorinappropriate.[27]

Nonverbalcommunicationcanbeusedwithouttheuseofverbalcommunication.Thiscanbeusedasacodingsystemforpeoplewhodonotuseverbalbehaviourtocommunicateindifferentcultures,wherespeakingisnotallowed.[28] Anfacialexpressioncangivecuestoanotherpersonandsendamessage,withoutusingverbalcommunication.

Somethingthatusuallygoesunnoticedinculturesandcommunicationisthatclothingandthewaypeopledressisusedasaformofnonverbalcommunication.Whatapersonwearscantellalotaboutthem.Forexample,whethersomeoneispoororrich,youngoroldoriftheyhavespecificculturesandbeliefscanallbesaidthroughclothingandstyle.Thisisaformofnonverbalcommunication.

Overall,nonverbalcommunicationisaveryimportantconceptininterculturalcommunication.

3.BasedontheKluekhohn’smodel,explainAmericanCultureValueindetail.

1）=Humannatureorientation人性取向

Westernersbelievethathumannatureisbasicallyevilduetotheiroriginalsin.However,theevilnaturecanbesavedthroughsalvation,ifonebelievesinJesusandcontinuesdoinggoodthings.

2）=Man-natureorientation人天取向

Americanshavehistoricallybelievedthatnaturewassomethingthatcouldandhadtobemastered.EarlyWestEuropeanimmigrantstoNorthAmericaencounteredavast,unforgivingwildernessthattheysetaboutto“tame”,andmodernastronautareworkingto“conquer”thespace.

3）=Timeorientation时间取向

Future-orientatedculturesemphasizewhatistocomeandexpectthefuturetobegranderandnicerthanthepresent.Theword“old”isassociatedwith“fallingbehind”and“uselessness”,whiletheword“new”isrelatedtoprogress,changeandchallenge.

futureorientationprevailsinthewesternculture.Westernpeopletendtobelievethatfutureshouldbegranderandnicerthanthepresent.Inthefuture-orientedculturalcontext,itiseasyfornewproductsornewservicestotriggerconsumersdesiretobuy.ThatiswhytheEnglishadvertisementstendtostressrepeatedlythattheadvertisedproductsarenew。

4）=Activityorientation行为取向

Thekeytodoingorientationisavaluesystemthatstressactivityandaction.

ThedominantAmericanculture:

Americansareactionorientated,theyarego-getters.Theygetgoing,getthingsdone,andgetahead.InAmerica,peoplegatherforaction-toplaybasketball,todance,togototheconcert,andtotakerisks.Whengroupsgathertheyplaygamesorwatchvideos.ManyAmericansdonothavepatiencetositdownandtalk.Lifeisinconstantmotion.

5）=Socialorientation人际取向

Americanhastheindividualisticvalues,eachpersonisseenasautonomousandseparate.Everyoneisequal.Selfismoreimportantthangroup.Theself-reliance,individualfreedom,equalcompetitionwhichareemphasizedisdifferentfromtheconceptofindividualisminChina.InAmerican’ssocialvalues,Equalopportunityandpersonalfreedomarethebasicfoundationforeverymemberof