跨文化交流考试题.docx

1、跨文化交流考试题 Examination1.what is intercultural communication?what have you learned from this class?Intercultural communicationis a form of communication that aims to share information across different cultures and social groups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication processes and probl

2、ems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes usedsynonymouslywithcross-cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people

3、from different countries andculturesact,communicateandperceivethe world around them. Many people in intercultural business communication argue that culture determines how individuals encode messages, what medium they choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted.1The European re

4、searcher Daniele Trevisani pointed out the semantic distinction between Intercultural and Cross-Cultural Communication should be clearly specified: Intercultural Communication properly refers to the study of the interaction between people from different cultures, while Cross-Cultural Communication s

5、pecifically refers to the comparison of how people from different cultures communicate. In other words, Cross-Cultural Communication is a static differential image depicting differences in communication patterns across different cultures, while Intercultural Communication studies dynamic interaction

6、al patterns, what happens when people from at least two different cultures meet and interact, and what frames are generated from this interaction, e.g. understanding vs. misunderstanding, agreement vs. disagreement, cultural adaptation vs. cultural isolation, emerging of third cultures, conflict vs.

7、 cooperation, intercultural team cohesiveness vs. team misunderstandings, intercultural projects success vs. projects failure, emotional improvement vs. emotional deterioration, and any other relational outcome (Trevisani, 2005).2In a broader sense, Intercultural communication encompassescross-cultu

8、ral communication,international communication,development communication, and intercultural communications narrower referent, intercultural communication proper.3With regard to intercultural communication proper, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgroundsinteract. Aside fr

9、om language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. Intercultural communication plays a role insocial scie

10、ncessuch asanthropology,cultural studies,linguistics,psychologyandcommunication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses. There are several cross-cultural service providers around who can assist with the development of intercultural communicat

11、ion skills. Research is a major part of the development of intercultural communication skills.452.Explain the difference between verbal communication and non-verbal communication in details.-Verbal communication consist of messages being sent and received continuouslywith the speaker and the listene

12、r, it is focused on the way messages are portrayed. Verbal communication is based on language and use of expression, the tone in which the sender of the message relays the communication can determine how the message is received and in what context.Factors that effect verbal communication:Tone of voi

13、ceUse of descriptive wordsEmphasis on certain phrasesVolume of voiceThe way a message is received is dependent on these factors as they give a greater interpretation for the receiver as to what is meant by the message is. By emphasizing a certain phrase with the tone of voice, this indicates that it

14、 is important and she be focused more on.Along with these attributesverbal communication is also accompanied with non-verbal cues. These cues make the message clearer and give the listener an indication of what way the information should be received.23Example of non-verbal cuesFacial expressionsHand

15、 gesturesUse of objectsBody movementIn terms of intercultural communication there are language barriers which are effected by verbal forms of communication. In this instance there is opportunity for miscommunication between two or more parties.24Other barriers that contribute to miscommunication wou

16、ld be the type of words chosen in conversation. do to different cultures there are different meaning in vocabulary chosen, this allows for a message between the sender and receiver to be misconstrued.256.Explain the pros and cons of nonverbal communication.Nonverbal CommunicationeditNonverbal commun

17、icationis behavior that communicates without wordsthough it often may accompanied by words. Nonverbal behavior can include things such asfacial expressions and gesturesclothingmovementpostureeye contact.26When these actions are paired with verbal communication a message is created and sent out. A fo

18、rm of nonverbal communication is kinesic behaviour. Kinesic behaviour is communication through body movemente.g., posture, gestures, facial expressions and eye contact. The meaning of such behaviour varies across countries and affects intercultural communication. A form of kinesic nonverbal communic

19、ation is eye contact and the use of the eyes to convey messages. Overall, nonverbal communication gives clues to what is being said verbally by physical portrayals.Nonverbal communication techniques used around the world and in multiple cultures.Nonverbal communication and kinesic is not the only wa

20、y to communicate without words.Proxemics, a form of nonverbal communication, deals with the influence of proximity and space on communication. Another form of nonverbal behaviour and communication dealing with intercultural communication is paralanguage.Paralanguagerefers to how something is said, r

21、ather than the content of what is saide.g., rate of speech, tone and inflection of voice, other noises, laughing, yawning, and silence. Paralanguage will be later touched on in the verbal section of intercultural communication.Nonverbal communication has been shown to account for between 65% and 93%

22、 of interpreted communication.27Minor variations in body language, speech rhythms, and punctuality often cause mistrust and misperception of the situation among cross-cultural parties. This is where nonverbal communication can cause problems with intercultural communication. Misunderstandings with n

23、onverbal communication can lead to miscommunication and insults with cultural differences. For example, a handshake in one culture may be recognized as appropriate, whereas another culture may recognize it as rude or inappropriate.27Nonverbal communication can be used without the use of verbal commu

24、nication. This can be used as a coding system for people who do not use verbal behaviour to communicate in different cultures, where speaking is not allowed.28An facial expression can give cues to another person and send a message, without using verbal communication.Something that usually goes unnot

25、iced in cultures and communication is that clothing and the way people dress is used as a form of nonverbal communication. What a person wears can tell a lot about them. For example, whether someone is poor or rich, young or old or if they have specific cultures and beliefs can all be said through c

26、lothing and style. This is a form of nonverbal communication.Overall, nonverbal communication is a very important concept in intercultural communication.3.Based on the Kluekhohns model ,explain American Culture Value in detail.1) = Human nature orientation 人性取向Westerners believe that human nature is

27、 basically evil due to their original sin.However, the evil nature can be saved through salvation, if one believes in Jesus and continues doing good things. 2) = Man-nature orientation 人天取向Americans have historically believed that nature was something that could and had to be mastered.Early West Eur

28、opean immigrants to North America encountered a vast, unforgiving wilderness that they set about to “tame”,and modern astronaut are working to “conquer” the space.3) = Time orientation 时间取向Future-orientated cultures emphasize what is to come and expect the future to be grander and nicer than the pre

29、sent . The word “old” is associated with “falling behind” and “uselessness”, while the word “new” is related to progress,change and challenge.future orientation prevails in the western culture. Western people tend to believe that future should be grander and nicer than the present.In the future-orie

30、nted cultural context, it is easy for new products or new services to trigger consumers desire to buy. That is why the English advertisements tend to stress repeatedly that the advertised products are new。4) = Activity orientation 行为取向The key to doing orientation is a value system that stress activi

31、ty and action.The dominant American culture :Americans are action orientated, they are go-getters. They get going, get things done, and get ahead . In America, people gather for action- to play basketball, to dance, to go to the concert, and to take risks. When groups gather they play games or watch

32、 videos. Many Americans do not have patience to sit down and talk. Life is in constant motion. 5) = Social orientation 人际取向American has the individualistic values, each person is seen as autonomous and separate. Everyone is equal. Self is more important than group.The self-reliance, individual freedom, equal competition which are emphasized is different from the concept of individualism in China.In Americans social values, Equal opportunity and personal freedom are the basic foundation for every member of