最新《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案资料.docx

最新《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案资料.docx

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最新《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案资料

欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案

第一章

填空题：

1.TherichnessofEuropeanCulturewascreatedby________elementand_________element.Greco-RomanJudeo-Christian

2.TheHomer’sepicsconsistedof_________.IliadandOdyssey

3.________isthefirstwriterof“problemplays”.Euripides

4.__________iscalled“FatherofHistory”.Herodotus

5.________isthegreatesthistorianthateverlived.Thucydides

6.ThedividingrangeintheRomanhistoryrefersto________.27B.C.

7.“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.”isafamoussayingby_______.JuliusCaesar

8.TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyis__________.citizen-assembly.

判断题

1.Euclidsays“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld”.（×）Archimedes

2.Herodotus’shistoricalwritingisonthewarbetweenAnthensandSparta.（×）GreeksandPersians

名词解释：

1.PaxRomana

答：

IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteedbytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPaxRomana

2.“Democracy”inancientGreece

答：

1）Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”,butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.

2）Women,children,foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromDemocracy.

论述题：

1.HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop?

1）Probablyaround1200B.C.,awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandtroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhisepics.

2）Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.

A.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasionearlyinthe5thcentury.

B.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.

C.Theflourishingofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthens.

3）The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.

4）Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,GreecewasconqueredbyAlexander,kingofMacedon.Wheneverhewent

andconquered,wheneverGreekculturewasfound.

5）MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRomanculturein146B.C.,theRomansconqueredGreece.

2.WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment?

答：

TherehasbeenanenduringexcitementaboutclassicalGreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhereRediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavitalpartintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.

1）Spiritofinnovation

TheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy;Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposedtomereannals;Theyspeculatedfreelyaboutthenatureoftheworldandtheendsoflife,withoutbeingboundinthefettersof

anyinheritedorthodoxy.

2）SupremeAchievement

TheGreeksachievedsupremeachievementsinnearlyallfieldsofhumanendeavour:

Philosophy,science,epicpoetry,comedy,historicalwriting,architecture,etc.

3）Lastingeffect

A.Countlesswritershavequoted,borrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomer’sepics,thetragediesofAeschylusandSophoclesandEuripides,Aristophanes’scomedies,Plato’sDialogues,ect.

B.Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics:

Byron’sIslesofGreece,Shelley’sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats’sOdeonaGrecianUrn.C.Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallelsintheIrishmanJamesJoyce’smodernistmasterpieceUlysses.

3.WhatisthesimilarityanddifferencebetweenGreekcultureandRomanculture?

答：

1）similarities:

A.Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly.

B.Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeitiestobereadilyidentified,andtheirmythstobefused.

C.Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarways,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.

2）differences:

A.TheRomansbuiltupavastempire;theGreeksdidn’t,exceptforthebriefmomentofAlexander’sconquests,whichsoondisintegrated.

B.TheRomanswereconfidentintheirownorganizationalpower,theirmilitaryandadministrativecapabilities.

4.WhatistheRomehistoricalbackground?

答：

1）ThehistoryofRomedividedintotwoperiods:

Beforetheyear27B.C.,Romehadbeenarepublic;fromtheyear27B.C.,OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustusandRomanEmpirebegan.

2）Twocenturieslater,theRomanEmpirereacheditsclimax,markedbylandarea’sextension:

EncirclingtheMediterranean.

3）Strongmilitarypower:

thefamousRomanlegions.

4）IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteedbytheRomanlegions,

itwasknownasPaxRomana.

5）AnotherimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstoEuropeanculturewasRomanLaw.

6）Theempirebegantodeclineinthe3rdcentury.

A.Inthe4thcenturytheemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium.RenameditConstantinople（modernIstanbul）.

B.After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast（TheByzantineEmpire）andWest

C.In476thelastemperoroftheWestwasdeposedbyGothsandthismarkedtheendoftheWestRomanEmpire.

D.TheEastRomanEmpirecollapsedwhenConstantinoplefelltotheTurksin1453.

第二章

填空题：

1.___________isbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.Christianity

2.TheHebrewshistorywasrecordedin_________oftheBible.theOldTestament

3.TheNewTestamentisabout_________.thedoctrineofJesusChrist

4.ThestoryaboutGod’sfloodingtothehumanbeingandonlygood-virtuebeingsavedwasrecordedinGenesis,

Pentateuch,theOldTestament,theBible,whichwasknownas_________.Noah’sArk.

5.TheBirthofJesuswasrecordedin________.Matthew

6.ThestoryaboutJesusbeingpinnedinthecrosstodeathwasknownas_________.TheLastSupper.

7.ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhand

bytheearlygroupofreformersledby_________.JohnWycliff.

名词解释:

1.TheOldTestament

TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:

theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.

2.Pentateuch

TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks:

Genesis,Exodus,Leviticus,Numbers,Deuteronomy.

3.Genesis

GenesisisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch,ittellsaboutareligiousaccountoftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople,includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman,thecareerofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.

4.Exodus

ExodusisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch,ittellsaboutareligioushistoryoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgypt,theperiodwhentheybegantoreceiveGod’sLaw.JoshuabroughtthepeoplesafelybacktoCanaan.

5.TheBookofDaniel

TheBookofDanielbelongstoTheOldTestamentoftheBible.IttellsabouttheHebrewsbeingcarriedawayintoBabylon.

论述简答题：

1.WhatarethebeliefsofChristianity?

答：

Christianitybaseditselfontwoforcefulbeliefswhichseparateitfromallotherreligions.

1）OneisthatJesusChrististheSonofGod,andthatGodsenthimtoearthtoliveashumanslive,sufferashumanssuffer,anddietoredeemmankind.

2）TheotheristhatGodgavehisonlybegottenson,sothatwhosoeverbelievesinhimshouldnotperish,buthaveeverlastinglife.

2.WhatarethedifferenttranslationeditionsoftheBible?

答：

1）TheoldestextantGreektranslationoftheOldTestamentisknownastheSeptuagint.AnditisstillinuseintheGreekChurchtoday.ButitonlytranslatedtheOldTestament.

2）ThemostancientextantLatinversionofthewholeBibleistheVulgateedition,whichwasdonein385-405A.D.BySt.Jeromeincommonpeople’slanguage.ItbecametheofficialBibleoftheRomanCatholicChurchthroughouttheworld.

3）ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformersledbyJohnWycliff.

4）AfterJohnWycliff’sversion,appearedWilliamTyndale’sversion.ItwasbasedontheoriginalHebrewandGreeksources.

5）TheGreatBibleorderedbyHenryⅧin1539tobeplacedinalltheEnglishchurcheswasinpartfoundedonTyndale’swork.

6）ThemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleisthe“Authorized”or“KingJames”version,firstpublishedin1611.Itwasproducedby54biblicalscholarsatthecommandofKingJames.Withitssimple,majesticAnglo-Saxontongue,itisknownasthegreatestbookintheEnglishlanguages.

7）TheRevisedVersionappearedin1885,andthestandardAmericaneditionoftheRevisedVersionin1901.

8）TheGoodNewsBibleandtheNewEnglishBible.

3.Whatisthegreatsignificanceofthetranslationsofthebible?

答：

1）ItisgenerallyacceptedthattheEnglishBibleandShakespearearetwogreatreservoirsofModernEnglish.

2）Miltion’sParadiseLost,Bunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress,Byron’sCain,uptothecontemporaryHemingway’sTheSunAlsoRises,andSteinbeck’sEastofEden.TheyarenotinfluencedwithouttheeffectoftheBible.

第三章

填空题：

1.In_______aGermanic（日耳曼）generalkilledthelastRomanemperorandtookcontrolofthegovernment.476

2.After1054,thechurchwasdividedinto_________and_______.theRomanCatholicChurchandtheEasternOrthodoxChurch.

3._______istheonewhotranslatedintoLatinbothOldandNewTestamentfromtheHebrewandGreekoriginals.St.Jerome

4.______introducedFrenchandItalywritingtheEnglishnativealliterativeverse.

5.Both___________arethebestrepresentativeofthemiddleEnglish.ChaucerandTheCanterburyTales

6._________pavedthewayforthedev