听力test 总汇.docx

听力test 总汇.docx

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听力test总汇

1.Okay.Uh-yourememberthatI’vementionedthatit’simportanttoreadtheassignedpoemsaloud,soyoucandevelopanappreciationofthesoundsofthepoetry:

therhymes,therhythm,therepetitionofwordsorsounds,andtogetasenseoftheinterplaybetweenthesoundsofthewordsandtheirmeaning.Thisisreallycriticalaswemoveintomodernpoetry,especiallybywriterswhoplacesomuchimportanceonsoundsthatthemeaningbecomesallbetterrelevant,likethislinebyGertrudeSteinthatI‘dliketoquote.Listen.ListenasIsaythewords:

“Roseisaroseisaroseisarose.”Takenliterally,thiswouldseemtobeanemptystatement,onewhichgivesusnoinformation.Butthepurposeofapoemneednotbetoinformthereaderofanything,butrathertoevokefeelings,tocreateasensualaestheticallypleasingexperience.NowGertrudeSteinwasbetterknownforherprosethanforherpoems.ButI’dliketoquotethislinebecauseofitsmusicality,andbecauseIthinkithelpsopenupourawarenesstotheunconventionallyricismofcontemporarypoets.You’llseethisinyourhomeworktonightasyoureadthepoetryofJohnAshbery,especiallyifyoureaditoutloud,whichIrecommendyoudo.PoetslikeAshberydon’trelysomuchonanyformalrhymeschemeormeterasonthemusicalqualityoftheindividualwordsthemselves.AsIsaid,Steinwasbetterknownforhernon-poeticalwork.AndnowI’dliketotouchbrieflyonheressayentitled“ConversationandExplanation”.Thisworkdealswithhertheoryofwritingandwillhelptoexplainsomeofthethingswe’vetalkingabout.

2.Whilewe’reonthetopicofthingsthattechnologyhasmadeobsolete,I’dliketospendafewminutesontheiceindustry,oneofthemajorindustriesintheUnitedStatesinthe1800s.Nowbeforerefrigeratorscameintocommonuse,peopleinruralareasoftenhadawelloraspringhousetokeepperishablefruitsfresh.We’realltooyoungtohaveusedone,butaspringhousewasasmallbuildingthatpeoplewouldbuildoveraspring.Farmfamiliesbackthenwouldrelyoncoldwaterfromthespringtohelpkeepdairyproductsormeatcool.Butpeopleincitieswouldhaveiceboxesinstead.Andthey’dbuyblocksoficeputintheseboxes.Andthenthey’dpackalltheirmilkormeatinsidetokeepitfresh.Sountilrefrigeratorsmadeitobsolete,theiceindustrysuppliedcitydwellerswiththeseblocksofice.Nowby1800s,peoplehadlearnedhowtoharvestblocksoficefromlakesandponds,andlatertocoverthisicewithhayandstoreitinicehouses.Theseicehouseswereenormous,amongthelargeststructuresanywhereinthecountryatthattime.Icehousesweresoimportantthattheyoftenhadrailroadtracksgoingrightupnexttothem.Inadditiontobeingtransportedbytrain,icewasdeliveredbyshipallalongtheeastcoastorfurtherinlandbycanalboat.Eventuallytheindustrysuppliedblocksofficetoalmostanyplaceinthecountrywherepeoplecouldaffordsuchaluxury.

3.Weonlyhaveafewminutesleft,soI’dliketogooveracoupleofpointsbeforewemoveon.Rememberthatalthoughtherearebothhorizontalandverticalmovementsofair,theterm‘wind’isonlyappliedtohorizontalmovements,andthatmoreairisinvolvedinthosehorizontalmovementsthaninverticalmovements.Andwhatcausesthesehorizontalmovements?

Ultimately,it’ssolarradiation.Becausetheunequalheatingoftheearthandtheatmosphereproduceshorizontaldifferencesinairpressure,thesedifferencessetwindsinmotion.Essentially,windsarenature’swayofbalancingouttheunevendistributionofairpressureovertheearth.Secondlyletmerepeatmyanswertothequestionwehadbeforeaboutwinddirection.Manypeoplegetconfusedbywhattheyhearinweatherforecasts.Wetalkaboutthewinddirectionintermsofwherethewind’scomingfrom,notwhereit’sblowingto.There’sagoodreasonforthis.Toweatherforecasters,theoriginofthewindismoreimportantthanitsdestination.Thewind’soriginhelpsthempredicttheweather.Logicallyinthenorthernhemisphereanorthwindtendstobringcolderweather,andasouthwindwarmerweather.Ihaven’tforgottenverticalmovementsofairbutwedon’thavetimetodaytotalkaboutthemindepth.Inournextclassthen,I’llbeginbydiscussingupdraftanddowndraft,andhowtheyaffecttheweather.Isuspectmostofyoucanguesswhichofthetwobringstowarmweatherandwhichbringscold.

4.Hi,I’mJimBlack.Beforeyougetstartedwithclasstoday,DoctorWebsterhasgivenmeafewminutestotalktoyouaboutthebiologydepartment’songoingturtlewatchprojectdowntheSouthBeach.Asmanyofyouprobablyknow,SouthBeachisanimportantnestingsiteforthegreenturtle,atypeofendangeredseaturtle.Inthenextfewdays,turtlesfromseveralnestingsitesre-identifiedalongthebeachwillhatchandheadforthewater.Theproblemisthatalotofthesehatchlingswillnevermakeit.Raccoonsandhungrybirdswillgetmanyofthembeforetheyreachthesurf.Sowehavea24-hourwatchgoingonnowsothatvolunteerswillbeonhandtoprotecttheturtlesaftertheyhatch.Oh,andwealsoneedsomeonetonotifytheownersofbeachfronthomestoleavetheyyardlightsoffforthenextcoupleofweeks.Thebabyturtlesareattractedtoartificiallightssuchastorchlightsandheadlights.Infact,someofthemenduponthebeachhighway,andarekilledbypassingcars.Sowe’retryingtominimizelightsonthelandwardsideofthebeach.Nowifyou’reinterested,pleasestopbymyofficeinthebiologydepartmentandsignup.Whatareweaskingyoutodo?

We’reaskingforatleasta2-hourcommitmentformeachparticipant.Oh,andpleasenotethatturtle-watchactivitiesdonotconstituteexcusedabsencesfromclass.Thanks.

5.Yourprofessorhasaskedmetotalktoyoutodayaboutthetopicthatshouldbeofrealconcerntocivilengineers:

theerosionoftheUnitedStatesbeaches.Letmestartwithsomestatistics.Didyouknowthat90percentofthecoastinthiscountryiseroding,ontheGulfofMexicoforinstance,erosionaverages4to5feetperyear.Overthepasttwentyyears,therehasbeenanincreaseinbuildingalongthecoast,eventhoughgeologistandenvironmentalisthavebeenwarningcommunitiesaboutproblemslikeerosion.Somewaycommunitieshavetriedtoprotecttheirbuildingsandroadsandtobuildseawalls.Howevergeologistshavefoundthatsuchstabilizingstructureactuallyspeedupthedestructionofthebeaches.Thesebeacheswithseawallscalledstabilizedbeachesaremuchnarrowerthanbeacheswithoutthem.Youmaywonderhowseawallsspeedupbeachloss.Theexplanationissimple.Iftheflowofthebeachesisgentle,thewaterenergyislessenedasitwashesupalongtheshore.Itisreducedevenmorethatreturnstotheseasoitdoesn’tcarrybackmuchsand.Ontheotherhand,whenthewaterhitthenearlyverticalfaceoftheseawall,itgoesstraightbacktotheseawiththefullforceofitsenergyanditcarriesbackagreatdealofsand.Becauseoftherealriskoflosingbeaches,manygeologistssupportabanonalltypesofstabilizingconstructiononshorelines.

6.Thebirdsyouseehereinthisslideareperegrinefalcons.Thesebirdsrepresentasuccessstoryamonganimalsontheendangeredspecieslist.Inthe1970s,theperegrinefalconsalmostdisappearedasaresultofthecontaminationofthefoodchainbytheDDTinpesticide.Thepresenceofthepoisonintheirsystemsresultedineggstooweaktosupporttheincubatingchicks.TheirremarkablerecoveryisaresultofthebanofDDTasapesticide,aggressivecaptivefeedingprogramsandtheirownresiliency.Theperegrinefalconisoneofthefastestbirdsalive.They’vebeenclockedat140to200milesperhourinsuccessfulpursuitofpray.Inadditiontospeed,thesebirdsflydirectlyintoheadwindsandtheyarecapableofflyingmorethan600milesperdaywithfavorabletailwinds.Todaywiththesophisticationoftelemetry,thespeedsofthesebirdscanbetrackedbyorbitingsatellites,bymeansoftransmittersattachedtothebird.Forexample,peregrinefalconsstageinwarmerclimate,inotherwords,theyspendtimeinthesouthernUnitedStatesawaitinghormonalchangespreparingthemtobreedintheArctic.ThentheymigratenorthtothemuchcolderArcticregions.BirdshavebeentrackedfromTexasinlateApriltotheirnestinggroundinAlaska,CanadaandGreenland.Nowlet’smoveontoanotherspeciesofbirds,thebaldeagles.

7.Ok,soinourlastclasswewerediscussingbigbandsswingmusic,yourememberthiswasakindofdancemusicwithasteadyrhythm.Buttodaywedealwiththatsortofmusicplayedbysmallerjazzbands.It’scalledbebop.Nowbebopmakesuseallsortsofnewtypesofrhythms,someofthemveryirregular.We’lltalkmoreaboutthatlater.ButfirstIwanttotalkaboutsomeofthesocialelementsthatIbelievecontributedtothedevelopmentofbebopmusic.Todothis,wehavetolookatwhenbeboparoseandstartedbecomingsopopular,whichwasfromthelate1930sthroughthe1940s,fromthetimeofthegreatdepressionrightintothe2ndWorldWar.NowonefactorthatcertainlyhelpedcreatetheenvironmentforbebopmusicwasthedeclineoftheUnitedStateseconomy.Duringthegreatdepression,theeconomysufferedtremendously.Andfewerpeoplehadmoneytospendonentertainment.Thenduringthe2ndWorldWarthegovernmentimposedanewtaxonpublicentertainment,whatyoumightcallperformancetax.Thegovernmentcollectedmoneyonperformancesthatincludedanytypesofacting,dancingorsinging,butnotinstrumentalmusic.Sotoavoidthisnewtax,somejazzbandsstopusingsingersaltogether.Theystartedrelyingonthecreativityoftheinstrumentalist