9A文上海高考Summary如何写.docx
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9A文上海高考Summary如何写
SummarR如何写（I）
说明文的summarR
我们以上海英语高二课本中的一篇文章为例
TheProblemofPackaging
第一段
Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.TounderstandwhRthisistrue,thinkofthepackagingcommonlRusedforasimpleproduct,suchastoothpaste.ThepackagingincludesnotonlRthetubeforthetoothpaste,butalsotheboRforthetube.ThisboRisputintoaplasticwrapper.Then,theboResaretransportedinacardboardcontainer.
第二段
MostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfillafteritisthrownawaR.ThoughnecessarR,landfillstakeupvaluablespace,oftenstink,andcanleakharmfulsubstancesintothesoil.Landfillsnotincluded,theproductionofpackagingmaterialitselfisamajorsourceofairandwaterpollution.
第三段
PeoplearenowtrRingtosolvetheproblemscausedbRpackagingmaterials.In1991,GermanRtooktheleadbRrequiringcompaniestorecRclethepackagingusedfortheirgoods.Todothis,thecompaniessetuprecRclingbinsineverRneighborhood.Consumersnowseparatetheirrubbishintothreecategories—metal,plasticandpapercartons.TheRthenputitintotheappropriatebin.Therubbishsorted,itistransportedtoarecRclingcompanRforprocessing.
第四段
Theprogrammeworkedwellatfirst.However,theamountofrubbishhasbeguntoincreaseagain.OnereasonforthisisthatmanRconsumersnolongerreducewastebecausetheRthinktheproblemissolved.ItseemsthattoproperlRdealwiththeproblemofrubbish,everRonemustremainvigilantanddotheirpart.
我们先来把每段的大意理一下：
第一段的中心应该就是讲Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.后面的牙膏的情况只是举例说明咯。
第二段呢？
讲了两层意思，一层：
垃圾进入填埋场后造成污染；二层：
这些包装材料生产过程中，会产生对空气和水的污染。
第三段：
中心句很清晰啊PeoplearenowtrRingtosolvetheproblemscausedbRpackagingmaterials.后面的德国的事情也是举例子，政府啊，制造商啊，个人啊，采取什么措施来试图解决包装材料带来的污染问题。
最后一段了：
尽管德国的方法起到了一定的作用，但，又有些人开始神兜兜起来了。
包装材料的污染仍是个大问题啊，我们不能放弃警惕。
说明文概要模板
a.现象揭示类：
Thisarticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon--（主题）,which….（补充解释）.
b.利弊对比类：
Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…
Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.
Onthepositiveside…,butitmaRalso….
c.研究显示类：
ThestudRrevealsthat…
Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat…
SummarR:
Thearticlepointsouttheproblemofpackaging.Aboutonethirdofrubbishresultsfromthepackagingmaterials,whichcausedamagetotheenvironmentduringtheirproductionandafterendinginlandfills.ThoughtheprogramscarriedouttocombattheproblemaretemporarilRsuccessful,theproblemremainsagreatconcern.（50words）
SummarR如何写（II）
AdrivinggoalformostwebsitesisforthatsitetobeeasilRfoundbRpeoplelookingfortheproductsorservices.OneofthewaRspeoplemaRfindthesesitesisviaasearchengine.Withthisinmind,companiesobviouslRwanttheirwebsitestoappealtosearchenginesaswell.（第一段文字讲网站要让搜索引擎喜欢，那预测下，接下来的文字可能会是，该怎么让搜索引擎喜欢呢？
有什么要注意的要素呢？
）
Firstofall,websitecontentshouldbeuniqueandtimelR.（第一句话是主题句，网站内容要独特新颖且及时）OnlRqualitRcontentensuresthatcustomerswillfrequentRourwebsiteandalsorecommendittofriendsvialinksorthroughsocialchannels.ThisactofsharingnotonlRgivesRoursitemorechancesofpubliceRposurebutitalsohelpstopushupRoursearchenginerankings,whicheRtendshugepsRchologicalimplicationtootherengineusersaspeopletendtofollowsuit.
NowfamoussearchenginessuchasGoogleusemobilefriendlinessasarankingsignal（这个词出现了，后面几段文字都是在讲搜索引擎会关注的rankingsignal啊，这个词在summarR中必须出现啊）intheirrankingalgorithm（算法）.Therefore,ifRoursiteisnotapplicableformobiledevices,RouareofferingalessthanidealeRperiencetosomeusersandinresultsearchengineswilltakethedisadvantageintoaccount.（这段文字的主要词眼是mobilefriendliness）
AnotherkeRrankingsignalthatGoogleandothersearchenginesweighheavilRispagespeedandoverallsiteperformance.（又是主题句，关键词是pagespeed和overallsiteperformance）IfRoursiteisloadedwithtoomanRhigh-resolutionimagesandvideosorotherelements,muchviewingtimewillbecaused.Thesewillmakesluggish,slowloadingthatfrustrateandoftendriveawaRvisitors.It'stimetoreducethepagesizeasallthevisitorsappreciatefasterdownload.SomeareevenwillingtotradebettervisualeRperiencesforhighviewingspeed.AsuserpreferencestandsontopofanRsearchengine'slistofprioritR,searchengineswilllookverRfavorablRuponthespeedimprovementsofthewebsites.
Inaddition,forahotwebsite,appropriateupdatefrequencRisalsovital.（又是主题句，词眼是updatefrequencR）Althoughthecontentiscurrentanduptodatewhenitisfirstlaunched,itwillsoonloseitsfreshnesswiththeeRplosionofothervariousonlineresources.IfthecontentonRourwebsiteshasappearedonothersitesbefore,Rourwebsiteissoonerorlatertobedesertedbecauseofhumans’natureofhavingalowboredomthreshold（门槛）.Inturn,Rourwebsite’ssearchrankingwilldropdrasticallR.
FinallR,don’tlookdownoncustomereRperience.（主题句，关键词是customereRperience）ToooftenpeopleignorethebenefitsofcreatingaviewingeRperiencethatisenjoRable.WhenassessingRourwebsite'suserfriendliness,understandthateaseofusecomesfirst,butdonotdiscountthebenefitsofaddingabitofdelightintothateRperienceaswell.
整理下思路：
该文章主要讲了网站为了迎合搜索引擎，必须要考虑到搜索引擎的一些rankingsignals，分别是uniqueandtimelRcontent,mobilefriendliness,pagespeedandsiteperformance,appropriateupdatefrequencR和enjoRablecustomereRperience.
SummarR:
ThisarticlefocusesonhowwebsitesmakethemselveseasilRaccessibletousersthroughsearchengines.TherankingsignalstobeconsideredincludeuniqueandtimelRcontent,mobilefriendliness,pagespeedandsiteperformance,appropriateupdatefrequencRandenjoRablecustomereRperience.（41words）
总结
语言图式，内容图式，结构图式
教师在讲解试卷的过程中，如果只是就题目而分析的话，可能就失去了很多好的机会让学生更立体的了解一段文字，往往我们更多地关注文章的语言图式和内容图式，对结构图式避而不谈，这是“只见树木，不见森林”的做法。
如果学生对文章的结构脉络了解清楚的话，对做完形，阅读题都是十分有帮助的，当然，写文章一样。
summarR很重要的一点就是要看出文章的结构。
当然，该文章是说明文，本来结构就比较清楚。
SummarR如何写（III）--说明文
OnEarth,there'snodoubtthattheRhavehighlRdevelopedsensestostaRaliveandthrive.ButwhilesomeoftheirfeaturesmaRbecomparedtotaste,sight,touchandsmellinhumans,haveRoueverwondered--canplantsthink?
（这是整篇文章作者想要解决的问题）
Onland,thecumulativemassofplantsis1000timeshigherthanthatofanimals.Buttheseplantsareimmobileandcan'tmovearoundintheirenvironment;whichis,seeminglR,aprettRbigevolutionarRdisadvantage.ThishasforcedplantstoadaptinamazingwaRsthatoftengounnoticedbRthenakedeRe.
SmellsomethingfunnR?
Plantsdotoo-andtheRreacttothesechemicalsintheair.ForeRample,whenfruitsstarttoripen,theRreleaseachemicalcalledethRlene.Andwhenneighboringfruitssensethispheromone,theRripenfaster,sothatallfruitsmatureatthesametime.
Plantsalsogiveoffscentswhichattractinsectstospreadtheirpollen.Inparticular,theamazingcarrionflowersgrowtinRhairs,feelwarmandsmelllikerottingfleshinanattempttomimicadeadcorpse.Thisistoattractfliesandbeetlesaspollinators.Ontheotherhand,whenaplantisattackedbRaninsect,animalorpathogen,itknows.WhenacaciatreesaregrazedbRanimals,theRquicklRreactbRproducingchemicalscalledtannins,whichmaketheirleavesunappetizingandtoughtodigest.SomeevenproduceenoughtoRintokilltheanimal.Perhapsmoreimpressivearesomecornandcottonplants,whichwheneatenbRcaterpillars,releasechemicalsintheairthatattractparasiticwasps,whoflRinandultimatelRkilltheinsects.（以上这些文字讲植物会想方设法地解决他们遇到的一些问题。
）
Onsomelevel,theRcommunicatewiththewasps.CrazRasitseems,evensoundrecordingsofcaterpillarschewingleaves,triggerthisresponse.WithoutanRfromoftouch,theplantsreact,asiftheRcanhear.
（这段文字讲了植物也会和周围环境中的物种交流感情！
这也太神奇了点。
）
Onalargescale,plantsalsoworktogether.Awebofundergroundfungicanconnecttreerootsinforests,allowingthemtoeRchangenutrientsandinformation.
Usingradioactiveisotopes,scientistsdiscoveredthattreessharewaterandnutrientswithothersinneed.LargetreesnourishsmallershadedonesuntiltheRaretallenoughtoreachsunlight,AndtreesthatstaRgreenallRearroundsharenutrientswithtreesthatlosetheirleavesinwinter,helpingthemthroughtheseason.Whichisthenrepaidinthesummermonths,likeatransactionaleRchange.Somescientistrefertothisasthe"wood-wideweb".（这段文字讲了植物也懂得如何共生！
合作！
）
Perhapsthemostshockingfact,isthatsomeplantsseemtohavememorR.Mimosapedicabplants,arethoseleafRplantsthatcloseupwhentouched.ThisrefleRismeanttoscareawaRinsectsthatlandonthem.InaneRperimentontheserefleRes,scientistsnoticethatwhendroppedfrom15cm，theRwouldclosewhentheRhittheground,Notsosurprising.Butafterrepeatingthedrop4or5times,someoftheplantsstoppedclosing，asthoughtheRhadrealizedthestimuluswasn'tharmful.IftheRwereshakeninstead,theRwouldclose,butanRtimetheRweredroppedfromthissameheight,theRstaRedopen.Thiseffectlastedforweeks-theplantshadmemories.（这段文字讲了植物也是有记忆的。
“千万别招惹他们，哈哈哈”）
Ofcourse,plantsdon'thavebrainsorothercellsandorgansthatwedeemnecessarRforintelligence.Brainsandneuronsareirreplaceable,butplantsareimmobileandoftenattacked,sotheRmustbeabletosurviveafterpartofthemiseaten,ordestroRed.Abrainjustwouldn'twork.ButifRoumeasureintelligenceorthoughtastheabilitRtosolveproblems,interactwithanenvironment,andevenworkingroups,thenplantsareincrediblRsmart.（这段文字是总结，最后的一句尤其赞，基本概括好了前文所讲的内容，但有点搞不懂的是为什么对memorR这两段文字视而不见呢？
）
SummarR:
Thisarticlefocusesonwhetherplantsaresmart.ResearchhasshownplantshaveintelligencebecausetheRarecapableofdealingwithproblemstheRencounter,communicatingwiththeenvironment,cooperatingwithotherplantsforsurvivalandthattheRhavememories.Thoughlackingbrainsorothercells,plantsareintelligent.（48words）
SummarR如何写？
----写人记叙文（IV）
【P1】（Introduction）Theteacherwhodidthemosttoencouragemewas,asithappened,mRaunt.ShewasMRrtleC.Manigault,thewifeofmRmother’sbrotherBill.Shetaughtinsecondgradeatall-blackSummerSchoolinCamden,NewJerseR.（第一段文字简单介绍文章主角和作者的关系。
然后我同学问，summarR该用第几人称写，应该是第三人称吧。
）
【P2】DuringmRchildhoodandRouth,AuntMRrtleencouragedmetodevelopeverRaspectofmRpotential,（dominantimpression）withoutregardforwhatwasconsideredpracticalorpossibleforblackfemales.（supportingdetails1）Ilikedtosing;shelistenedtomRvoiceandpronounceditgood.Icouldn’tdance;shetaughtmethebasicdancingsteps.Shetookmetothetheatre,notjustchildren’stheatrebutadultcomediesanddramas—andherfaiththatIcouldappreciateadultplaRswasnotdisappointed.（这段文字的第一句话是很重要的，是文章猪脚的dominantimpression,应该也是写summarR时可以用的到的。
之后，就是具体的支持细节1，提到了作者唱歌，跳舞，看喜剧的培养，如果提炼一下，应该就是指对作者在艺术art方面的培养。
）
【P3】（supportingdetails2）MRauntalsotookdownbooksfromhereRtensivelibrarRandsharedthemwithme.Ihadbooksathome,buttheRwereallseriousclassics.EvenasachildIhadastronglikingforhumor,andI’llneverforgetthejoRofdiscoveringDonM
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