武汉大学博士研究生入学考试试题及答案.docx
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武汉大学博士研究生入学考试试题及答案
武汉大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题
PartⅠReadingComprehension(30%)
Directions:
Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.
Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Alltypesofstressstudy,whetherunderlaboratoryorreal-lifesituations,studymechanismsforincreasingthearousallevelofthebrain.
Thebrainbloodflowstudiesshowthatrecitingthedaysoftheweekandmonthsoftheyearincreasesbloodflowinappropriateareas,whereasproblemsolvingwhichdemandsintenseconcentrationofareasoningtypeproducesmuchlargerchangesinthedistributionofbloodinthebrain.
Betweenthesebasicstudiesofbrainfunctionandreallifesituationsthereisstillaconsiderablegap,butreasonabledeductionseemspossibletotryandunderstandwhathappenstothebrain.Lifeconsistsofaseriesofeventswhichmayberelatedtoworkortoourso-calledleisuretime.Workmayberelativelyautomatic—aswithtyping,forinstance,itrequiresintenseconcentrationandrepetitionduringthelearningphasetoestablishapatterninthebrain.Thenthetypist'sfingersautomaticallymovetohittheappropriatekeysasshereadsthewordsonthecopy.?
However,whenshegetstiredshemakesmistakesmuchmorefrequently.Toovercomethisshehastoraiseherlevelofarousalandconcentrationbutbeyondacertainpointtheautomaticislostandthinkingabouthittingthekeysleadstomoremistakes.
Otherjobsinvolveintenseconcentrationsuchasholdingbottlesofwineuptoastronglightandturningthemupsidedowntolookforparticlesofdirtfallingdown.Thissoundsquiteeasybutexperienceteachesthatworkerscandothisforonlyaboutthirtyminutesbeforetheystartmakingamistake.Thisispartlybecausethenumberofoccasionswithdirtinthebottleislowandthearousallevel,therefore,fails.Scientistshaveshownthatdevicestoraisearousallevelwillincreasetheaccuracyoflookingforrelativelyrareevents.Arecentstudyoftheeffectoflossofsleepinyoungdoctorsshowedthatintestsinvolvingachallengetotheirmedicaljudgmentwhenshortofsleeptheyraisedtheirarousallevelandbecamebetterattestsofgrammaticalreasoningaswell.
1.Accordingtothebrainbloodflowstudies,problemsolving________.
A.increasesbloodflowinsomeareasofthebrain
B.causeschangesinthedistributionofbloodinthebrain
C.demandsintenseconcentrationofbloodincertainareas
D.isbasedontheabilitytorecitethetime
2.Theauthorbelievesthat________.
A.theresultsobtainedinthelaboratoryexactlyreflectsthereal-lifesituations
B.thegapbetweenthelaboratorystudiesandreal-lifesituationsistoolargetofillup
C.thegapbetweenthelaboratorystudiesandreal-lifesituationscanbeclosedbyproperreasoning
D.thedifferencebetweenthelaboratorystudiesandreal-lifesituationswillbereduced
3.Whenatypistgetstired,________.
A.shehastotryhardtoraiseherautomatic
B.shecantypeonlyautomatically
C.shecannotthinkaboutwhatsheisdoing.
D.shecanseldomtypeautomatically
4.Examiningbottlesofwineishardworkbecause________.
A.thebottlesmustbeheldupsidedown
B.itisdifficulttoseetheparticlesofdirt?
C.itrequireshighlevelofautomatic
D.mostbottlesareallright
5.Accordingtotheauthor,akeyfactorintheabilitytoreasonis________.?
?
?
?
?
?
A.thesubject'sknowledgeofgrammar
B.theamountofsleepthesubjecthashad
C.thelevelofarousalofthesubject
D.theextenttowhichthesubjecthasbeentaughttoreason
Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Auctionsarepublicsalesofgoods,conductedbyanofficiallyapprovedauctioneer.Heasksthecrowdassembledintheauction-roomtomakeoffers,or“bids”,forthevariousitemsonsale.Heencouragesbuyerstobidhigherfigures,andfinallynamesthehighestbidderasthebuyerofthegoods.Thisiscalled“knockingdown”thegoods,forthebiddingendswhentheauctioneerbangsasmallhammeronatableatwhichhestands.Thisisoftensetonaraisedplatformcalledarostrum.?
TheancientRomansprobablyinventedsalesbyauction,andtheEnglishwordcomesfromtheLatinauctio,meaning“increase”.TheRomansusuallysoldinthiswaythespoilstakeninwar;thesesaleswerecalledsubbasra,meaning“underthespear”,aspearbeingstuckinthegroundasasignalforacrowdtogather.InEnglandintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesgoodswereoftensold“bythecandle”:
ashortcandlewaslitbytheauctioneer,andbidscouldbemadewhileitstayedalight.
Practicallyallgoodswhosequalitiesvaryaresoldbyauction.Amongthesearecoffee,hides,skins,wool,tea,cocoa,furs,spices,fruitandvegetablesandwines.Auctionsalesarealsousualforlandandproperty,antiquefurniture,pictures,rarebooks,oldchinaandsimilarworksofart.TheauctionroomsatChristie'sandSotheby'sinLondonandNewYorkareworldfamous.
Anauctionisusuallyadvertisedbeforehandwithfullparticularsofthearticlestobesoldandwhereandwhentheycanbeviewedbyprospectivebuyers.Iftheadvertisementcannotgivefulldetails,cataloguesareprinted,andeachgroupofgoodstobesold?
together,calleda“lot”,isusuallygivenanumber.TheauctioneerneednotbeginwithLot1andcontinueinnumericalorder;hemaywaituntilheregistersthefactthatcertaindealersareintheroomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestedin.Theauctioneer'sservicesarepaidforintheformofapercentageofthepricethagoodsaresoldfor.Theauctioneerthereforehasadirectinterestinpushingupthebiddingashighaspossible.
Theauctioneermustknowfairlyaccuratelythecurrentmarketvaluesofthegoodsheisselling,andheshouldbeacquaintedwithregularbuyersofsuchgoods.Hewillnotwastetimebystartingthebiddingtoolow.Hewillalsoplayontherivalriesamonghisbuyersandsucceedingettingahightpricebyencouragingtwobusinesscompetitorstobidagainsteachother.Itislargelyonhisadvicethatasellerwillfixa“reserve”price,thatis,apricebelowwhichthegoodscannotbesold.Eventhebestauctioneers,however,finditdifficulttostopa“knockout”,wherebydealersillegallyarrangebeforehandnottobidagainsteachother,butnominateoneofthemselvesastheonlybidder,inthehopeofbuyinggoodsatextremelylowprices.Ifsucha“knock-out”comesoff,therealauctionsaletakesplaceprivatelyafterwardsamongthedealers.
6.Acandleusedtoburnatauctionsales________.
A.becausetheytookplaceatnight
B.asasignalforthecrowdtogather
C.tokeeptheauctioneerwarm
D.tolimitthetimewhenofferscouldbemade
7.Anauctioncataloguegivesprospectivebuyers________.
A.thecurrentmarketvaluesofthegoods
B.detailsofthegoodstobesold
C.theorderinwhichgoodsmustbesold
D.freeadmissiontotheauctionsale
8.Theauctioneermaydecidetosellthe“lots”outoforderbecause________.?
?
A.hesometimeswantstoconfusethebuyers
B.heknowsfromexperiencethatcertainpeoplewillwanttobuycertainitems
C.hewantstokeepcertainpeoplewaiting
D.hewantstoreducethenumberofbuyers
9.Anauctioneerlikestogethighpricesforthegoodshesellsbecause________.
A.thenheearnsmorehimself
B.thedealersarepleased
C.theauction-roomsbecomeworldfamous
D.itkeepsthecustomersinterested
10.A“knockout”?
isarranged________.
A.tokeepthepriceintheauctionroomlow
B.toallowonedealeronlytomakeaprofit
C.toincreasetheauctioneer'sprofit
D.tohelptheauctioneer
Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Whenevertwoormoreunusualtraitsorsituationsarefoundinthesameplace,itistemptingtolookformorethanacoincidentalrelationshipbetweenthem.ThehighHimalayasandtheTibetanplateaucertainlyhaveextraordinaryphysicalcharacteristicsandthecultureswhicharefoundtherearealsounusual,thoughnotunique.HoweverthereisnointentionofadoptingMontesquieu'sviewofclimateandsoilasculturaldeterminants.Theecologyofaregionmerelyposessomeoftheproblemsfacedbytheinhabitantsoftheregion,andwhiletheproblemsfacingacultureareimportanttoitsdevelopment,theydonotdetermineit.?
TheappearanceoftheHimalayasduringthelateTertiaryPeriodandtheaccompanyingfurtherraisingofthepreviouslyestablishedrageshadamarkedeffectontheclimateoftheregion.Primarily,ofcourse,itblockedtheIndianmonsoon(季风)fromreachingCentralAsiaatall.Secondarily,airandmoisturefromother?
?
Directionswerealsoreduced.
PriortotheraisingoftheHimalayas,thelandnowformingtheTibetanuplandshadadry,continentalclimatewithvegetationandanimallifesimilartothatofmuchoftherestoftheregiononthesameparallel,butsomewhatdifferenthanthatoftheareasfarthernorth,whichwerealreadydrier.WiththecomingoftheHimalayasandtherelativelysuddendryingoutoftheregion,therewasaseverethinningoutoftheanimalandplantpopulation.TheensuingincompletePleistoceneglaciations(冰蚀)hadafurtherthinningeffect,butsignificantlydidnotwipeoutlifeinthearea.Thusaftertheendoftheglaciationtherewereonlyafewvarietiesoflifeextantfromtheoriginalcontinentalspecies.IsolatedbytheKunlunrangefrom