武汉大学博士研究生入学考试试题及答案.docx

1、武汉大学博士研究生入学考试试题及答案武汉大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题 Part Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and

2、mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: All types of stress study, whether under laboratory or real-life situations, study mechanisms for increasing the arousal level of the brain. The brain blo

3、od flow studies show that reciting the days of the week and months of the year increases blood flow in appropriate areas, whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in the distribution of blood in the brain. Between these basic studie

4、s of brain function and real life situations there is still a considerable gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain. Life consists of a series of events which may be related to work or to our so-called leisure time. Work may be relatively automatic

5、as with typing, for instance, it requires intense concentration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain. Then the typists fingers automatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the words on the copy. ？ However, when she gets tired she makes mistakes

6、much more frequently. To overcome this she has to raise her level of arousal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automatic is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to more mistakes. Other jobs involve intense concentration such as holding bottles of wine up to a strong light an

7、d turning them upside down to look for particles of dirt falling down. This sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly because the number of occasions with dirt in the bottle is low and the arousa

8、l level, therefore, fails. Scientists have shown that devices to raise arousal level will increase the accuracy of looking for relatively rare events. A recent study of the effect of loss of sleep in young doctors showed that in tests involving a challenge to their medical judgment when short of sle

9、ep they raised their arousal level and became better at tests of grammatical reasoning as well. 1. According to the brain blood flow studies, problem solving _. A. increases blood flow in some areas of the brain B. causes changes in the distribution of blood in the brain C. demands intense concentra

10、tion of blood in certain areas D. is based on the ability to recite the time 2. The author believes that _. A. the results obtained in the laboratory exactly reflects the real-life situations B. the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations is too large to fill up C. the gap betwee

11、n the laboratory studies and real-life situations can be closed by proper reasoning D. the difference between the laboratory studies and real-life situations will be reduced 3. When a typist gets tired, _. A. she has to try hard to raise her automatic B. she can type only automatically C. she cannot

12、 think about what she is doing. D. she can seldom type automatically 4. Examining bottles of wine is hard work because _. A. the bottles must be held upside down B. it is difficult to see the particles of dirt？ C. it requires high level of automatic D. most bottles are all right 5. According to the

13、author, a key factor in the ability to reason is _. ？ A. the subjects knowledge of grammar B. the amount of sleep the subject has had C. the level of arousal of the subject D. the extent to which the subject has been taught to reason Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage: Auctions are

14、 public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called

15、 “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. ？ The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning “increa

16、se”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short ca

17、ndle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight. Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, ant

18、ique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christies and Sothebys in London and New York are world famous. An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospec

19、tive buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold？ together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain

20、dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneers services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price tha goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible. The auctioneer m

21、ust know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a hight price by encourag

22、ing two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve” price, that is ,a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforeha

23、nd not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as the only bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a “knock-out” comes off ,the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers. 6. A candle used to burn at auction sales _. A. because

24、 they took place at night B. as a signal for the crowd to gather C. to keep the auctioneer warm D. to limit the time when offers could be made 7. An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers _. A. the current market values of the goods B. details of the goods to be soldC. the order in which goods m

25、ust be sold D. free admission to the auction sale 8. The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of order because _. ？ A. he sometimes wants to confuse the buyers B. he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain items C. he wants to keep certain people waiting D. he want

26、s to reduce the number of buyers 9. An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because _. A. then he earns more himself B. the dealers are pleased C. the auction-rooms become world famous D. it keeps the customers interested 10. A “knock out”？ is arranged _. A. to keep the price i

27、n the auction room low B. to allow one dealer only to make a profit C. to increase the auctioneers profit D. to help the auctioneer Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage: Whenever two or more unusual traits or situations are found in the same place, it is tempting to look for more th

28、an a coincidental relationship between them. The high Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau certainly have extraordinary physical characteristics and the cultures which are found there are also unusual, though not unique. However there is no intention of adopting Montesquieus view of climate and soil as

29、 cultural determinants. The ecology of a region merely poses some of the problems faced by the inhabitants of the region, and while the problems facing a culture are important to its development, they do not determine it.？ The appearance of the Himalayas during the late Tertiary Period and the accom

30、panying further raising of the previously established rages had a marked effect on the climate of the region. Primarily, of course, it blocked the Indian monsoon (季风) from reaching Central Asia at all. Secondarily, air and moisture from other？ Directions were also reduced. Prior to the raising of th

31、e Himalayas, the land now forming the Tibetan uplands had a dry, continental climate with vegetation and animal life similar to that of much of the rest of the region on the same parallel, but somewhat differen than that of the areas farther north, which were already drier. With the coming of the Hi

32、malayas and the relatively sudden drying out of the region, there was a severe thinning out of the animal and plant population. The ensuing incomplete Pleistocene glaciations (冰蚀) had a further thinning effect, but significantly did not wipe out life in the area. Thus after the end of the glaciation there were only a few varieties of life extant from the original continental species. Isolated by the Kunlun range from