ModernOpticalEngineering.pdf

ModernOpticalEngineering.pdf

《ModernOpticalEngineering.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《ModernOpticalEngineering.pdf（771页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

ModernOpticalEngineeringTheDesignofOpticalSystemsWarrenJ.SmithChiefScientist,ConsultantRockwellCollinsOptronicsCarlsbad,CaliforniaNewYorkChicagoSanFranciscoLisbonLondonMadridMexicoCityMilanNewDelhiSanJuanSeoulSingaporeSydneyTorontoFourthEditionCopyright2008,2000,1990,1966byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ExceptaspermittedundertheUnitedStatesCopyrightActof1976,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.0-07-159375-6ThematerialinthiseBookalsoappearsintheprintversionofthistitle:

0-07-147687-3.Alltrademarksaretrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Ratherthanputatrademarksymbolaftereveryoccurrenceofatrademarkedname,weusenamesinaneditorialfashiononly,andtothebenefitofthetrademarkowner,withnointentionofinfringementofthetrademark.Wheresuchdesignationsappearinthisbook,theyhavebeenprintedwithinitialcaps.McGraw-HilleBooksareavailableatspecialquantitydiscountstouseaspremiumsandsalespromotions,orforuseincorporatetrainingprograms.Formoreinformation,pleasecontactGeorgeHoare,SpecialSales,atgeorge_hoaremcgraw-or（212）904-4069.TERMSOFUSEThisisacopyrightedworkandTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.（“McGraw-Hill”）anditslicensorsreserveallrightsinandtothework.Useofthisworkissubjecttotheseterms.ExceptaspermittedundertheCopyrightActof1976andtherighttostoreandretrieveonecopyofthework,youmaynotdecompile,disassemble,reverseengineer,reproduce,modify,createderivativeworksbasedupon,transmit,distribute,disseminate,sell,publishorsublicensetheworkoranypartofitwithoutMcGraw-Hillspriorconsent.Youmayusetheworkforyourownnoncommercialandpersonaluse;anyotheruseoftheworkisstrictlyprohibited.Yourrighttousetheworkmaybeterminatedifyoufailtocomplywiththeseterms.THEWORKISPROVIDED“ASIS.”McGRAW-HILLANDITSLICENSORSMAKENOGUARANTEESORWARRANTIESASTOTHEACCURACY,ADEQUACYORCOMPLETE-NESSOFORRESULTSTOBEOBTAINEDFROMUSINGTHEWORK,INCLUDINGANYINFORMATIONTHATCANBEACCESSEDTHROUGHTHEWORKVIAHYPERLINKOROTHERWISE,ANDEXPRESSLYDISCLAIMANYWARRANTY,EXPRESSORIMPLIED,INCLUDINGBUTNOTLIMITEDTOIMPLIEDWARRANTIESOFMERCHANTABILITYORFITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSE.McGraw-Hillanditslicensorsdonotwarrantorguar-anteethatthefunctionscontainedintheworkwillmeetyourrequirementsorthatitsoperationwillbeuninterruptedorerrorfree.NeitherMcGraw-Hillnoritslicensorsshallbeliabletoyouoranyoneelseforanyinaccuracy,errororomission,regardlessofcause,intheworkorforanydamagesresult-ingtherefrom.McGraw-Hillhasnoresponsibilityforthecontentofanyinformationaccessedthroughthework.UndernocircumstancesshallMcGraw-Hilland/oritslicensorsbeliableforanyindirect,incidental,special,punitive,consequentialorsimilardamagesthatresultfromtheuseoforinabilitytousethework,evenifanyofthemhasbeenadvisedofthepossibilityofsuchdamages.Thislimitationofliabilityshallapplytoanyclaimorcausewhatsoeverwhethersuchclaimorcausearisesincontract,tortorotherwise.DOI:

10.1036/0071476873WehopeyouenjoythisMcGraw-HilleBook!

Ifyoudlikemoreinformationaboutthisbook,itsauthor,orrelatedbooksandwebsites,pleaseclickhere.ProfessionalWanttolearnmore?

AffectionatelydedicatedtomywifeDungMyLuongABOUTTHEAUTHORWarrenJ.Smithissemi-retiredatRockwellCollinsOptronicsinCarlsbad,California,aftermorethansixdecadesofpracticeinopticalengineering,design,andfabrication.Heisaconsultant,writer,lecturer,occasionalexpertwitness,andoneofthemostwidelyknownwritersandeducatorsinthefieldofopticaldesign.Mr.SmithisaFellowandPastNationalPresidentofbothSPIEandtheOpticalSocietyofAmerica.HeisalsotheauthorofModernLensDesign,nowinitsSecondEdition,andPracticalOpticalSystemLayout,bothpublishedbyMcGraw-Hill.HeresideswithhiswifeinVista,California.Copyright2008,2000,1990,1966byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Clickherefortermsofuse.ContentsPrefacexiChapter1.OpticsOverview11.1TheElectromagneticSpectrum11.2LightWavePropagation31.3SnellsLawofRefraction51.4TheActionofSimpleLensesandPrismsonWaveFronts81.5InterferenceandDiffraction111.6ThePhotoelectricEffect16Bibliography17Exercises18Chapter2.GaussianOptics:

TheCardinalPoints212.1Introduction212.2CardinalPointsofanOpticalSystem222.3ImagePositionandSize242.4ACollectionofImageryEquations302.5OpticalSystemsNotImmersedinAir31Bibliography32Exercises32Chapter3.ParaxialOpticsandCalculations353.1RefractionofaLightRayataSingleSurface353.2TheParaxialRegion373.3ParaxialRaytracingthroughSeveralSurfaces393.4CalculationoftheFocalPointsandPrincipalPoints443.5The“ThinLens”473.6Mirrors49Bibliography51Exercises51vFormoreinformationaboutthistitle,clickhereChapter4.OpticalSystemConsiderations534.1SystemsofSeparatedComponents534.2TheOpticalInvariant584.3MatrixOptics634.4They-ybarDiagram644.5TheScheimpflugCondition654.6SummaryofSignConventions67Bibliography67Exercises68Chapter5.ThePrimaryAberrations715.1Introduction715.2TheAberrationPolynomialandtheSeidelAberrations725.3ChromaticAberrations835.4TheEffectofLensShapeandStopPositionontheAberrations845.5AberrationVariationwithApertureandField885.6OpticalPathDifference（WaveFrontAberration）905.7AberrationCorrectionandResiduals915.8RayInterceptCurvesandthe“Orders”ofAberrations945.9TheRelationshipsbetweenLongitudinalAberration,TransverseAberration,Wave-FrontAberration（OPD）,andAngularAberration99Bibliography102Exercises102Chapter6.Third-OrderAberrationTheoryandCalculation1056.1Introduction1056.2ParaxialRaystracing1076.3Third-OrderAberrations:

SurfaceContributions1086.4Third-OrderAberrations:

ThinLenses;StopShiftEquations1136.5SampleCalculations117Bibliography122Chapter7.PrismandMirrorSystems1237.1Introduction1237.2DispersingPrisms1237.3The“Thin”Prism1257.4MinimumDeviation1267.5TheAchromaticPrismandtheDirectVisionPrism1267.6TotalInternalReflection1287.7ReflectionfromaPlaneSurface1297.8PlaneParallelPlates1327.9TheRight-AnglePrism1367.10TheRoofPrism1397.11ErectingPrismSystems1417.12InversionPrisms1447.13ThePentaPrism145viContents7.14RhomboidsandBeamsplitters1467.15PlaneMirrors1497.16TheDesignofPrismandReflectorSystems1497.17AnalysisofFabricationErrors154Bibliography155Chapter8.CharacteristicsoftheHumanEye1578.1Introduction1578.2TheStructureoftheEye1588.3CharacteristicsoftheEye1608.4DefectsoftheEye168Bibliography170Experiments171Exercises172Chapter9.Stops,Apertures,PupilsandDiffraction1759.1Introduction1759.2TheApertureStopandPupils1769.3TheFieldStop1779.4Vignetting1779.5GlareStops,ColdStops,andBaffles1799.6TheTelecentricStop1829.7AperturesandImageIllumination-NumberandCosine-Fourth1839.8DepthofFocus1869.9DiffractionEffectsofApertures1889.10ResolutionofOpticalSystems1929.11DiffractionofaGaussian（Laser）Beam1959.12TheFourierTransformLensandSpatialFiltering199Bibliography200Exercises201Chapter10.OpticalMaterials20510.1Reflection,Absorption,Dispersion20510.2OpticalGlass21010.3SpecialGlasses21610.4CrystallineMaterials21910.5PlasticOpticalMaterials22110.6AbsorptionFilters22410.7DiffusingMaterialsandProjectionScreens22710.8PolarizingMaterials23010.9CementsandLiquids232Bibliography233Exercises234Chapter11.OpticalCoatings23711.1DielectricReflectionandInterferenceFilters23711.2Reflectors247Contentsvii11.3Reticles250Bibliography251Exercises252Chapter12.PrinciplesofRadiometryandPhotometry25312.1Introduction25312.2TheInverseSquareLaw;Intensity25412.3RadianceandLambertsLaw25512.4RadiationintoaHemisphere25612.5IrradianceProducedbyaDiffuseSource25712.6TheRadiometryofImages25912.7SpectralRadiometry26312.8BlackbodyRadiation26412.9Photometry27012.10IlluminationDevices277Bibliography282Exercises283Chapter13.OpticalSystemLayout28713.1Telescopes,AfocalSystems28713.2FieldLensesandRelaySystems29113.3ExitPupils,theEye,andResolution29313.4TheSimpleMicroscopeorMagnifier30313.5TheCompoundMicroscope30513.6Rangefinders30713.7RadiometerandDetectorOptics31113.8FiberOptics31813.9AnamorphicSystems32313.10Variable-Power（Zoom）Systems32813.11TheDiffractiveSurface333Bibliography334Exercises334Chapter14.CaseStudiesinSystemLayout33914.1Introduction33914.2TelephotoLens34014.3RetrofocusLens34114.4RelaySystem34214.5ApertureStopforRelaySystemofSec.14.434314.6ShortRangeTelescope34414.7FieldLensforSec.14.634714.8RaytraceofSec.14.734814.9125PowerMicroscope34914.10Brueke125?

Magnifier35014.11A4?

MechanicallyCompensatedZoomLens35114.12DoingSystemLayoutbyComputer35614.13AnAthermalizedMid-IRSystemwithanExternalColdStop357viiiContentsChapter15.Wave-FrontAberrationsandMTF36515.1Introduction36515.2OpticalPathDifference:

FocusShift36615.3OpticalPathDifference:

SphericalAberration36715.4AberrationTolerances37315.5ImageEnergyDistribution（Geometric）37915.6SpreadFunctionsPointandLine38015.7GeometricSpotSizeDuetoSphericalAberration38115.8TheModulationTransferFunction38515.9Square-Wavevs.Sine-WaveTargets39115.10SpecialModulationTransferFunctions:

Diffraction-LimitedSystems39215.11RadialEnergyDistribution40115.12PointSpr