朗文听说教程2听力原文.docx
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朗文听说教程2听力原文
朗文听说教程2听力原文
Unit1What’sinaName?
TEACHER:
Goodmorning,everybody.Goodmorning,Felipe,Monica,Theo,...andIcan’trememberyourname.
STUDENT1:
Patricia.
TEACHER:
Right,Patricia.Thoseareallbeautifulnames,andthat’sourtopictoday—names.Namesareaculturaluniversal.Thismeanseveryoneusesnames.Aperson’snamecantellusabitaboutaperson’sfamily.Today,we’llbeginbylookingatfirstnamesandhowpeoplechoosenamesfortheirchildren.Andthenwe’lltalkaboutfamilynames,andlookatthedifferentcategoriesoffamilynames.AlthoughthescopeofthelecturetodayisEnglish-languagenames,wecanusethesameapproach,youknow,tolookatnamesfromanyculture.Let’stakeabrieflookatfirst,orgiven,names.Thereareseveralwaysparentschoosethefirstnamefortheirchild.Thefirstwayisbyfamilyhistory.Parentsmaychooseanamebecauseitispassedfromgenerationtogeneration;forexample,thefirstbornsonmightbenamedafterhisfatherorgrandfather.Althoughfamilynamesarealsopassedtodaughters,itisusuallyasamiddlename.Adding“junior”or“thesecond”—forexample,WilliamParkerthesecond—isonlydonewith
boys’,notwithgirls’names.Thesecondwayparentschooseanameisafterafamilymemberorfriendwhohasdiedrecently,oraftersomeonetheyadmire,likeawell-knownleaderorafamousmusician.AlthoughmostEnglishfirstnamesmeansomething,forexample,“Richard”meanspowerfuland“Ann”meansgrace,nowadaysmeaningisnotthemainreasonpeopleselecttheirbaby’sname.Thethirdwayistoprovidea“push”forthechild.Parentswanttochooseanamethatsoundsvery“successful.”Astrongnamemighthelptheminthebusinessworld,forexample.Ortheymightchooseanamethatworksforeithergender,likeTaylororTerry.So,giventhesethreemethods,whatisthemostcommonwayparentschooseaname?
Manyparentschooseanamesimplybecausetheylikeit,orbecauseit’sfashionableorclassic.Fashionsinnameschangejustastheydoinclothes.Onehundredyearsago,manynamescamefromtheBible—namessuchas
Daniel,andAnna,andHannahandMatthew.Then,fiftyyearsago,Biblicalnameswentoutoffashion.Nowadays,namesfromtheBiblearebecomingpopularagain.Similarly,parentsoftenchooseclassicnames,namesthatwerepopularin1900,1950,andarestillpopularnow.ClassicnamesforboysincludeThomas,David,Robert,andMichael.Andforgirls:
Anna,Elizabeth,Emily,andKatherine,justtonameafew.They’reclassic.Theynevergooutofstyle.Let’slookattheoriginoflastnames,alsocalledfamilynamesorsurnames.Researchershavestudiedthousandsoflastnames,andthey’vedividedthemintofourcategories.Thecategoriesare:
placenames,patronymics,addednames,andoccupationalnames.Arecentsurveyshowedthatofthe7,000mostpopularnamesintheUnitedStatestoday,43percentwereplacenames,32percentwerepatronymics,15percentwereoccupationalnames,and9percentwereaddednames.
Thefirstcategoryisplacenames.Placenamesusuallyidentifiedwhereapersonlivedorworked.SomeonenamedJohnHilllivednearahill,forexample,andtheRiversfamilylivednearariver.IfyouhearthenameEmmaBridges,...whatimagedoyousee?
Doyouseeafamilythatlivesnearabridge?
Ifyoudo,yougettheidea.Thesecondcategoryispatronymics.That’sP-A-T-R-O-N-Y-M-I-C-S.Apatronymicisthe
father’sname,plusanendinglikeS-E-NorS-O-N.Theendingmeansthatachild,aboy,
isthesonofhisfather.ThenamesRobertson,Petersen,andWilsonarepatronymics.RobertsonissonofRobert,PetersenissonofPeter,andsoon.
Thethirdcategoryisaddednames.Linguistssometimescallthiscategory“nicknames,”butwhenmostofusheartheword“nickname,”wethinkofaspecialnameafriendora
parentmightuse.Theword“nickname”isactuallyanoldEnglishwordthatmeansanadditionalname,anaddedname.SoI’llusetheterm“addedname.”Thiscategoryoflastnamesisfunbecausethenamesusuallydescribedaperson.Reed,Baldwin,andBiggsareexamples.Reedwasfrom“red”forredhair.Baldwinwassomeonewhowasbald,someonewhohadlittleornohair.AndBiggs?
STUDENT2:
Someonebig?
TEACHER:
Yeah,someonebig,right.Now,ifwelookaroundtheroom,wecouldprobablycomeupwithsomenewlastnames,like,uh,CurlyorStrong.
Now,thefourthcategoryisoccupationalnames.Theoriginofthefamilynamewastheperson’soccupation.ThemostcommonexamplesofoccupationalnamesstillusedtodayareBaker(someonewhobakesbread),Tailor(someonewhosewsclothes),Miller(someonewhomakesflourforbread),andSmith....Now,SmithisactuallythemostcommonnameinthewesternEnglish-speakingworld.ThenamecomesfromanOldEnglishword,smite,that’sS-M-I-T-E,whichmeanstohitorstrike.Intheolddays,asmithmademetalthing