考研英语真题yingyu.docx
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考研英语真题yingyu
2009年全国研究生入学考试英语试题及答案
SectionⅠ UseofEnglish
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1 thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer’spieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2 toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3 bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisan4 innotbeingtooterrificallybright.
Intelligence,it5 out,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow6 thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—agradual7 —insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8 .
Isthereanadaptivevalueto9 intelligence?
That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Ilikeit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10 atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11 ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12 themindofeveryanimalI’veevermet.
Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13 onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,14 ,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethat15 animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16 thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17 ,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis. 18 ,theywouldhopetostudya19 question:
Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?
20 theresultsareinconclusive.
1.[A]Suppose [B]Consider [C]Observe [D]Imagine
2.[A]tended [B]feared [C]happened [D]threatened
3.[A]thinner [B]stabler [C]lighter [D]dimmer
4.[A]tendency [B]advantage [C]inclination [D]priority
5.[A]insistson [B]sumsup [C]turnsout [D]putsforward
6.[A]off [B]behind [C]over [D]along
7.[A]incredible [B]spontaneous [C]inevitable [D]gradual
8.[A]fight [B]doubt [C]stop [D]think
9.[A]invisible [B]limited [C]indefinite [D]different
10.[A]upward [B]forward [C]afterward [D]backward
11.[A]features [B]influences [C]results [D]costs
12.[A]outside [B]on [C]by [D]across
13.[A]deliver [B]carry [C] perform [D]apply
14.[A]bychance [B]incontrast [C]asusual [D]forinstance
15.[A]if [B]unless [C]as [D]lest
16.[A]moderate [B]overcome [C]determine [D]reach
17.[A]at [B]for [C]after [D]with
18.[A]Aboveall [B]Afterall [C]However [D]Otherwise
19.[A]fundamental [B]comprehensive [C]equivalent [D]hostile
20.[A]Byaccident [B]Intime [C]Sofar [D]Betterstill
SectionⅡ ReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeconnotation.
Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.
Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.
“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawnaMarkova,authorof“TheOpenMind”andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimself‘theDecider.’ ”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”
Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:
analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.
Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,”explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book“ThisYearIWill...”andMs.Markova’sbusinesspartner.“That’saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou’regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.
21.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeing
A.casual B.familiar C.mechanical D.changeable.
22.Theresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe
A.predicted B.regulated C.traced D.guided
23.”ruts”(inlineone,paragraph3)hasclosestmeaningto
A.tracks B.series C.characteristics D.connections
24.Ms.Markova’scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting ?
A,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformed
B,nolongeremphasizescommonness
C,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodel
D,complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem
25.Ryanmostprobablyagreethat
A.ideasarebornofarelaxingmind
B.innovativenesscouldbetaught
C.decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas
D.curiosityactivatescreativeminds
Text2
Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.
Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.
Amongthemostpopular:
paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.
Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting. AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.
Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,”saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather’slineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.
Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.
26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK’s___________.
[A]easyavailability
[B]flexibilityinpricing
[C]successfulpromotion
[D]popularitywithhouseholds
27.PTKisusedto__________.
[A]locateone’sbirthplace
[B]promotegeneticresearch
[C]identifyparent-childkinship
[D]choosechildrenforadoption
28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto__________.
[A]tracedistantancestors
[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines
[C]fullyusegeneticinformation
[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy
29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcomm