Hydrology An Introduction By Wilfried Brutsaert.pdf

Hydrology An Introduction By Wilfried Brutsaert.pdf

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HydrologyWaterinitsdifferentformshasalwaysbeenasourceofwonder,curiosityandpracticalconcernforhumanseverywhere.Thistextbookpresentsacoherentintroductiontomanyoftheconceptsandrelationshipsneededtodescribethedistributionandtransportofwaterinthenaturalenvironment.Continentalwatertransportprocessestakeplaceabove,onandbelowtheEarthssurface,andconsequentlythebookissplitintofourmainparts.PartIdealswithwaterintheatmosphere.PartIIintroducesthetransportofwateronthesurface.WaterbelowthesurfaceisthesubjectofPartIII.PartIVisdevotedtoflowphenomenaatthebasinscaleandstatisticalconceptsusefulintheanalysisofhydrologicdata.Finally,thebookcloseswithabriefhistoryofideasconcerningthehydrologiccycle.Hydrologicphenomenaaredealtwithatspatialandtemporalscalesatwhichtheyoccurinnature.Thephysicsandmathematicsnecessarytodescribethesephenomenaareintroducedanddeveloped,andreaderswillrequireaworkingknowledgeofcalculusandbasicfluidmechanics.Hydrology-AnIntroductionisatextbookthatcoversthefundamentalprinciplesofhydrology,basedonthecoursethatWilfriedBrutsaerthastaughtatCornellUniversityforthepast30years.Thebookwillbeinvaluableasatextbookforentry-levelcoursesinhydrologydirectedatadvancedseniorsandgraduatestudentsinphysicalscienceandengineering.Inaddition,thebookwillbemorebroadlyofinteresttoprofessionalscientistsandengineersinhydrology,environmentalscience,meteorology,agronomy,geology,climatology,oceanology,glaciologyandotherEarthsciences.WILFRIEDBRuTsAERTisWilliamL.LewisProfessorofEngineeringatCornellUniversity.Inalongandprestigiouscareerintheresearchandteachingofhydrology,ProfessorBrutsaerthasreceivedmanyawardsandhonors,including:

theHydrologyAwardandRobertE.HortonMedal,AmericanGeophysicalUnion;President,HydrologySection,AmericanGeophysicalUnion,from1992to1994,FellowoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnionandAmericanMeteorologicalSociety;theRayK.LinsleyAward,AmericanInstituteofHydrology;WalterB.LangbeinLecturer,AmericanGeophysicalUnion;InternationalAward,JapanSocietyofHydrology&WaterResources;JuleG.CharneyAward,AmericanMeteorologicalSociety.HeisamemberoftheNationalAcademyofEngineeringandhaspublishedtwopreviousbooks,EvaporationintotheAtmosphere:

Theory,HistoryandApplications（D.ReidelPublishingCompany,1982）,andGasTransferatWaterSurfaces（withG.H.Jirka,D.ReidelPublishingCompany,1984）.Hehasauthoredandco-authoredmorethan170journalarticles.HYDROLOGYANINTRODUCTIONWILFRIEDBRUTSAERTCornellUniversityCAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESSCAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESSCambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,SaoPaulo,Delhi,Dubai,TokyoCambridgeUniversityPressTheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UKPublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYorkwww.cambridge.orgInformationonthistitle:

www.cambridge.org/9780521824798W.Brutsaert2005Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.Firstpublished2005Fifthprinting2010PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,CambridgeAcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryISBN978-0-521-82479-8hardbackCambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.Informationregardingprices,traveltimetablesandotherfactualinformationgiveninthisworkarecorrectatthetimeoffirstprintingbutCambridgeUniversityPressdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofsuchinformationthereafter.CONTENTSForewordNoteonthetext1Introduction1.1Definitionandscope1.2Thehydrologiccycle1.3Someestimatesoftheglobalwaterbalance1.4Methodologiesandprocedures1.5Conservationlaws:

theequationsofmotionReferencesProblemsPartIWaterintheatmosphere23Wateraloft:

fluidmechanicsoftheloweratmosphere2.1Watervaporinair2.2Hydrostaticsandatmosphericstability2.3Turbulenttransportofwatervapor2.4Theatmosphericboundarylayer2.5Turbulencesimilarity2.6Surfaceboundarycondition:

theenergybudgetconstraintReferencesProblemsPrecipitation3.1Formationofprecipitation3.2Majorprecipitationweathersystems3.3Precipitationdistributionontheground3.4Interception3.5ReliabilityofoperationalprecipitationmeasurementsReferencesProblemspageixXll1123712181923232834364155727679798292100106111116CONTENTS4Evaporation4.1Evaporationmechanisms4.2Masstransferformulations4.3Energybudgetandrelatedformulations4.4Waterbudgetmethods4.5EvaporationclimatologyReferencesProblemsPartIIWateronthesurface567Wateronthelandsurface:

fluidmechanicsoffreesurfaceflow5.1Freesurfaceflow5.2Hydraulictheory:

shallowwaterequations5.3Frictionslope5.4GeneralconsiderationsandsomefeaturesoffreesurfaceflowReferencesProblemsOverlandflow6.1Thestandardformulation6.2Kinematicwaveapproach6.3LumpedkinematicapproachReferencesProblemsStreamflowrouting7.1Twoextremecasesoflargefloodwavepropagation7.2Alumpedkinematicapproach:

theMuskingummethod7.3EstimationoftheMuskingumparametersReferencesProblemsPartIIIWaterbelowthesurface8Waterbeneaththeground:

fluidmechanicsinporousmaterials8.1Porousmaterials8.2Hydrostaticsofpore-fillingwaterinthepresenceofair8.3Watertransportinaporousmaterial8.4FieldequationsofmassandmomentumconservationReferencesProblemsVl117117118123142148151156161161163167174194196198198201210213213216217224232241242249249251268287298303CONTENTS910Infiltrationandrelatedunsaturatedflows9.1Generalfeaturesoftheinfiltrationphenomenon9.2Infiltrationintheabsenceofgravity:

sorption9.3Infiltrationcapacity9.4Raininfiltration9.5Catchment-scaleinfiltrationandotherlosses9.6CapillaryriseandevaporationatthesoilsurfaceReferencesProblemsGroundwateroutflowandbaseflow10.1Flowinanunconfinedriparianaquifer10.2Freesurfaceflow:

afirstapproximation10.3Hydraulicgroundwatertheory:

asecondapproximation10.4Linearizedhydraulicgroundwatertheory:

athirdapproximation10.5Kinematicwaveinslopingaquifers:

afourthapproximation10.6Catchment-scalebaseflowparameterizationsReferencesProblemsPartIVFlowsatthecatchmentscaleinresponsetoprecipitation111213Streamflowgeneration:

mechanismsandparameterization11.1Riparianareasandheadwaterbasins11.2Stormrunoffmechanismsinriparianareas11.3SummaryofmechansimsandparameterizationoptionsReferencesStreamflowresponseatthecatchmentscale12.1Stationarylinearresponse:

theunithydrograph12.2Identificationoflinearresponsefunctions12.3Stationarynonlinearlumpedresponse12.4Non-stationarylinearresponseReferencesProblemsElementsoffrequencyanalysisinhydrology13.1Randomvariablesandprobability13.2Summarydescriptorsofaprobabilitydistributionfunction13.3Someprobabilitydistributionsfordiscretevariables13.4Someprobabilitydistributionsforcontinuousvariables13.5ExtensionofavailablerecordsReferencesProblemsVll307307310326332343346357361366366377382398415416431433441441443457461465465472493498501503509509511519523543550553CONTENTS14Afterword-ashorthistoricalsketchoftheoriesaboutthewatercirculationonEarth14.1Earliestconcepts:

theatmosphericwatercycle14.2Greekantiquity14.3TheLatinera14.4Fromphilosophytosciencebyexperimentation14.5ClosingcommentsReferencesAppendixSomeusefulmathematicalconceptsAlDifferentiationofanintegralA2ThegeneralresponseofalinearstationarysystemA3ThegeneralresponseofanonlinearsystemReferencesIndexvm557557559566572585586590590590597598599FOREWORDWaterinitsdifferentformshasalwaysbeenasourceofwonder,curiosityandpracticalconcernforhumanseverywhere.Thegoalofthisbookistopresentacoherentintroductiontosomeoftheconceptsandrelationshipsneededtodescribethedistributionandtransportofwaterinthenaturalenvironment.Thusitisanattempttoprovideamorethoroughunderstanding,andtoconnectthemajorparadigmsthatbearuponthehydrologiccycle,thatisthenever-endingcirculationofwateroverthecontinentsoftheEarth.Continentalwatertransportprocessestakeplaceabove,onandbelowtheEarthslandsurfaces.Accordingly,inPartI,waterisconsideredasitpassesthroughtheloweratmosphere;thispartconsistsofageneraldescriptionofatmospherictransportinChapter2,followedbytheapplicationoftheseconceptstoprecipitationandevaporationinChapters3and4,respectively.InPartII,watertransportontheEarthssurfaceisdealtwith;thispartconsistsofageneraldescriptionofthehydraulicsoffreesurfaceflowinChapter5,whichisthenappliedtooverlandrunoffandstreamflowroutinginriversinChapters6and7,respectively.WaterbelowthesurfaceisthesubjectofPartIII;again,ageneralintroductiontoflowinporousmaterialsinChapter8isfollowedbyapplicationstophenomenainvolvinginfiltrationandcapillaryriseinChapter9,andgroundwaterdrainageandbaseflowinChapter10.PartIVisdevotedtoflowphenomena,mostlyfluvialrunoff,inresponsetoprecipitationatthecatchmentandriverbasinscales,whichresultfromthecombinationofflow