Hydrology An Introduction By Wilfried Brutsaert.pdf

1、Hydrology Water in its different forms has always been a source of wonder,curiosity and practical concern for humans everywhere.This textbook presents a coherent introduction to many of the concepts and relationships needed to describe the distribution and transport of water in the natural environme

2、nt.Continental water transport processes take place above,on and below the Earths surface,and consequently the book is split into four main parts.Part I deals with water in the atmosphere.Part II introduces the transport of water on the surface.Water below the surface is the subject of Part III.Part

3、 IV is devoted to flow phenomena at the basin scale and statistical concepts useful in the analysis of hydrologic data.Finally,the book closes with a brief history of ideas concerning the hydrologic cycle.Hydrologic phenomena are dealt with at spatial and temporal scales at which they occur in natur

4、e.The physics and mathematics necessary to describe these phenomena are introduced and developed,and readers will require a working knowledge of calculus and basic fluid mechanics.Hydrology-An Introduction is a textbook that covers the fundamental principles of hydrology,based on the course that Wil

5、fried Brutsaert has taught at Cornell University for the past 30 years.The book will be invaluable as a textbook for entry-level courses in hydrology directed at advanced seniors and graduate students in physical science and engineering.In addition,the book will be more broadly of interest to profes

6、sional scientists and engineers in hydrology,environmental science,meteorology,agronomy,geology,climatology,oceanology,glaciology and other Earth sciences.WI L FR IE D BR u Ts A ER T is William L.Lewis Professor of Engineering at Cornell University.In a long and prestigious career in the research an

7、d teaching of hydrology,Professor Brutsaert has received many awards and honors,including:the Hydrology Award and Robert E.Horton Medal,American Geophysical Union;President,Hydrology Section,American Geophysical Union,from 1992 to 1994,Fellow of the American Geophysical Union and American Meteorolog

8、ical Society;the Ray K.Linsley Award,American Institute of Hydrology;Walter B.Langbein Lecturer,American Geophysical Union;International Award,Japan Society of Hydrology&Water Resources;Jule G.Charney Award,American Meteorological Society.He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and has

9、 published two previous books,Evaporation into the Atmosphere:Theory,History and Applications(D.Reidel Publishing Company,1982),and Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces(with G.H.Jirka,D.Reidel Publishing Company,1984).He has authored and co-authored more than 170 journal articles.HYDROLOGY AN INTRODUCTION

10、 WILFRIED BRUTSAERT Cornell University CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,New York,Melbourne,Madrid,Cape Town,Singapore,Sao Paulo,Delhi,Dubai,Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building,Cambridge CB2 8RU,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambrid

11、ge University Press,New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title:www.cambridge.org/9780521824798 W.Brutsaert 2005 This book is in copyright.Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place without the

12、written permission of Cambridge University Press.First published 2005 Fifth printing 2010 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press,Cambridge A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-82479-8 hardback Cambridge University Press has no resp

13、onsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is,or will remain,accurate or appropriate.Information regarding prices,travel timetables and other factual informa

14、tion given in this work are correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.CONTENTS Foreword Note on the text 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition and scope 1.2 The hydrologic cycle 1.3 Some estimates of the global water b

15、alance 1.4 Methodologies and procedures 1.5 Conservation laws:the equations of motion References Problems Part I Water in the atmosphere 2 3 Water aloft:fluid mechanics of the lower atmosphere 2.1 Water vapor in air 2.2 Hydrostatics and atmospheric stability 2.3 Turbulent transport of water vapor 2.

16、4 The atmospheric boundary layer 2.5 Turbulence similarity 2.6 Surface boundary condition:the energy budget constraint References Problems Precipitation 3.1 Formation of precipitation 3.2 Major precipitation weather systems 3.3 Precipitation distribution on the ground 3.4 Interception 3.5 Reliabilit

17、y of operational precipitation measurements References Problems page ix Xll 1 1 2 3 7 12 18 19 23 23 28 34 36 41 55 72 76 79 79 82 92 100 106 111 116 CONTENTS 4 Evaporation 4.1 Evaporation mechanisms 4.2 Mass transfer formulations 4.3 Energy budget and related formulations 4.4 Water budget methods 4

18、.5 Evaporation climatology References Problems Part II Water on the surface 5 6 7 Water on the land surface:fluid mechanics of free surface flow 5.1 Free surface flow 5.2 Hydraulic theory:shallow water equations 5.3 Friction slope 5.4 General considerations and some features of free surface flow Ref

19、erences Problems Overland flow 6.1 The standard formulation 6.2 Kinematic wave approach 6.3 Lumped kinematic approach References Problems Streamflow routing 7.1 Two extreme cases of large flood wave propagation 7.2 A lumped kinematic approach:the Muskingum method 7.3 Estimation of the Muskingum para

20、meters References Problems Part III Water below the surface 8 Water beneath the ground:fluid mechanics in porous materials 8.1 Porous materials 8.2 Hydrostatics of pore-filling water in the presence of air 8.3 Water transport in a porous material 8.4 Field equations of mass and momentum conservation

21、 References Problems Vl 117 117 118 123 142 148 151 156 161 161 163 167 174 194 196 198 198 201 210 213 213 216 217 224 232 241 242 249 249 251 268 287 298 303 CONTENTS 9 10 Infiltration and related unsaturated flows 9.1 General features of the infiltration phenomenon 9.2 Infiltration in the absence

22、 of gravity:sorption 9.3 Infiltration capacity 9.4 Rain infiltration 9.5 Catchment-scale infiltration and other losses 9.6 Capillary rise and evaporation at the soil surface References Problems Groundwater outflow and base flow 10.1 Flow in an unconfined riparian aquifer 10.2 Free surface flow:a fir

23、st approximation 10.3 Hydraulic groundwater theory:a second approximation 10.4 Linearized hydraulic groundwater theory:a third approximation 10.5 Kinematic wave in sloping aquifers:a fourth approximation 10.6 Catchment-scale base flow parameterizations References Problems Part IV Flows at the catchm

24、ent scale in response to precipitation 11 12 13 Streamflow generation:mechanisms and parameterization 11.1 Riparian areas and headwater basins 11.2 Storm runoff mechanisms in riparian areas 11.3 Summary of mechansims and parameterization options References Streamflow response at the catchment scale

25、12.1 Stationary linear response:the unit hydrograph 12.2 Identification of linear response functions 12.3 Stationary nonlinear lumped response 12.4 Non-stationary linear response References Problems Elements of frequency analysis in hydrology 13.1 Random variables and probability 13.2 Summary descri

26、ptors of a probability distribution function 13.3 Some probability distributions for discrete variables 13.4 Some probability distributions for continuous variables 13.5 Extension of available records References Problems Vll 307 307 310 326 332 343 346 357 361 366 366 377 382 398 415 416 431 433 441

27、 441 443 457 461 465 465 472 493 498 501 503 509 509 511 519 523 543 550 553 CONTENTS 14 Afterword-a short historical sketch of theories about the water circulation on Earth 14.1 Earliest concepts:the atmospheric water cycle 14.2 Greek antiquity 14.3 The Latin era 14.4 From philosophy to science by

28、experimentation 14.5 Closing comments References Appendix Some useful mathematical concepts Al Differentiation of an integral A2 The general response of a linear stationary system A3 The general response of a nonlinear system References Index vm 557 557 559 566 572 585 586 590 590 590 597 598 599 FO

29、REWORD Water in its different forms has always been a source of wonder,curiosity and practical concern for humans everywhere.The goal of this book is to present a coherent introduction to some of the concepts and relationships needed to describe the distribution and transport of water in the natural

30、 environment.Thus it is an attempt to provide a more thorough understanding,and to connect the major paradigms that bear upon the hydrologic cycle,that is the never-ending circulation of water over the continents of the Earth.Continental water transport processes take place above,on and below the Ea

31、rths landsurfaces.Accordingly,in Part I,water is considered as it passes through the lower atmosphere;this part consists of a general description of atmospheric transport in Chapter 2,followed by the application of these concepts to precipitation and evaporation in Chapters 3 and 4,respectively.In P

32、art II,water transport on the Earths surface is dealt with;this part consists of a general description of the hydraulics of free surface flow in Chapter 5,which is then applied to overland runoff and streamflow routing in rivers in Chapters 6 and 7,respectively.Water below the surface is the subject

33、 of Part III;again,a general introduction to flow in porous materials in Chapter 8 is followed by applications to phenomena involving infiltration and capillary rise in Chapter 9,and groundwater drainage and baseflow in Chapter 10.Part IV is devoted to flow phenomena,mostly fluvial runoff,in response to precipitation at the catchment and river basin scales,which result from the combination of flow