西方会计英语.docx

西方会计英语.docx

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西方会计英语

UnitoneFundamentalsofaccountin

[00:

04.65]Text1.1   Whatisaccountin

[00:

09.06]Accountingcontainselementsbothofscienceandar

[00:

13.61]Theimportantthingisthatitisnotmerelyacollectionofarithmeticaltechniquesbutasetofcomplexprocessesdependingonandpreparedforpeopl

[00:

25.31]Thehumanaspect,whichmanypeople,especiallyaccountants,forget,arisesbecaus

[00:

31.45]1.Mostaccountingreportsofanysignificancedepend,toagreaterorlesserextent,onpeople'sopinionsandestimate

[00:

40.75]2.Accountingreportsarepreparedinordertohelppeoplemakedecision

[00:

46.39]3.Accountingreportsarebasedonactivitieswhichhavebeencarriedoutbypeopl

[00:

53.00]Butwhatspeciallyisaccounting?

Itisverydifficulttofindapithydefinitionthatisall-inclusivebutwecansaythataccountingisconcernedwit

[01:

03.79]Theprovisionofinformationinfinancialtermsthatwillhelpindecisionsconcerningresourceallocatio

[01:

10.74]andthepreparationofreportsinfinancialtermsdescribingtheeffectsofpastresourceallocationdecision

[01:

18.26]Exampleofresourceallocationdecisionsar

[01:

21.74]Shouldaninvestorbuyorsellshare

[01:

24.66]Shouldabankmanagerlendmoneytoafir

[01:

27.80]Howmuchtaxshouldacompanypa

[01:

30.49]Whichcollectivefarmshouldgettheextratracto

[01:

34.20]Asyoucansee,accountingisneededinanysocietyrequiringresourceallocationanditsusefulnessisnotconfinedto'capitalist'or'mixed'economie

[01:

44.25]Anaccountantisconcernedwiththeprovisionandinterpretationoffinancialinformatio

[01:

49.77]Hedoesnot,asanaccoutant,makedecision

[01:

53.21]Manyaccountantsdoofcoursegetdirectlyinvolvedindecisionmakingbutwhentheydotheyareperfomingadifferentfunctio

[02:

00.40]Accountingisalsoconcernedwithreportingontheeffectsofpastdecision

[02:

05.52]Butoneshouldconsiderwhetherthisisdoneforitsownsakeorwhetheritisdoneinordertoprovideinformationwhichitishopedwillprovehelpfulincurrentandfuturedecision

[02:

16.78]Wecontendthatknowledgeofthepastisrelevantonlyifitcanbeusedtohelpinmakingcurrentandfuturedecisions

[02:

24.61]forwecanhopethatweshallbeabletoinfluencethefuturebymakingappropriatedecisionsbutwecannotredothepas

[02:

33.08]Thusthemeasurementofpastresultsisasubsidiaryrole,butbecauseofthehistoricaldevelopmentofaccountingand

[02:

40.81]perhaps,becauseofthelimitationsofthepresentstateoftheart,'backwardlooking'accountingsometimesappearstobeanendinitselfandnotasameansthatwillhelpinachievingamorefundamentalobjectiv

[02:

54.16]Text1.2       Theaccountingequati

[02:

58.23]Accountingisatleastthesecondoldestprofessionintheworld

[03:

01.66]Butwhileearlierprofessionalsrapidlygottogripswithbasictechniquesandevenintroducedrefinement

[03:

07.74]itisremarkablethatgenerationsoftaxcollectorsandmerchantsstaggeredonforthousandsofyearsbeforefindingasatisfactorygeneralmethodofkeepingarecordoftheiraffair

[03:

18.11]Thisshouldserveasawarnin

[03:

20.15]Theproblemiscommonsensebuttheanswerisnot.

[03:

24.38]Itishighlycontrivedandinsomerespectsstillimperfect.

[03:

28.51]Itbeginswithaparticularwayoflookingatabusinesswhichwepresentinthenextsection.

[03:

33.42]Abusinessmaybepicturedasabox.Theboxhascontentsandbyvirueofowningthebox,theownerhasaclaimonthecontents.

[03:

42.41]Othersalsomayhaveaclaimonthecontents,byvirtueofhavinglentmoneytothebusinessorofhavingsuppliedgoodsorservicestothebusinessorofhavingsuppliedgoodsorservicestothebusinessforwhichtheyhavenotyetbeenpaid

[03:

53.09]Thesearethecreditorsofthebusines

[03:

55.47]Asthebusinessbuysandsellsgoodsandservices,sothevalueofthecontentsoftheboxwillincreaseordecrease,dependingonwhetherthebusinessmakesaprofitoralos

[04:

05.84]Thesechangesinvalueofcontentsmustbeequalledbychangesinvalueofclaimsoncontent

[04:

12.76]Specificallytheclaimsoftheownerswillvarysothatthetotalvaluetoclaimsisalwaysequaltothevalueofthecontent

[04:

21.51]Nowwemaylistthevalueofthecontentsofthebusinessboxatanytime,saydowntheleftsideofapieceofpape

[04:

28.75]Ontherightsidewemaylistthevalueofclaimsonthosecontents

[04:

33.06]Theclaimsofthirdpartycreditorswillbeknow

[04:

36.24]Theclaimsoftheownerswillamounttowhateverisnecessarytomakethetotalvalueofclaimsequaltothetotalvalueofcontent

[04:

44.50]Suchalistofcontents（ontheleft）balancedbyalistofclaims（ontheright）,constitutesasimplebalanceshee

[04:

52.88]Abalancesheetisapresentationofthestateofaffairsofabusinessinasuccinct,systematicandrecognizableforma

[05:

00.09]Restatingtheoriginaltheory,withthepictureofthebusinessasabox,wecanwrit

[05:

05.63]$contents=$claimsonconten

[05:

10.80]Inaccountingterms,thisbecom

[05:

13.29]1.Assets=equity+liabileti

[05:

18.59]Whereassertsaresimplywhatisheldinthebusiness,equityistheclaimoftheowners,andliabilitiesaretheclaimsofthirdpartie

[05:

28.44]Bytransferringliabilitiestothesideoftheequationwemaywrit

[05:

33.40]assets-liabilities=equi

[05:

37.76]orusingatechnicalterm           2.Netassets=Equi

[05:

45.08]Finallywemaysplitequityintothecapitaloriginallyputintothebusinessandreserve

[05:

51.45]Reservesrepresentprofitswhichhavebeenreservedorkeptinthebusiness.Theequationnowbecome

[05:

59.55]3.NetAssets=capital+reserv

[06:

05.71]1,2and3aboveareformsofthefundamentalaccountingequatio

UnittwoCostandmanagementaccounti

[00:

04.28]Text2.1  Overheadsandtheirrecove

[00:

08.67]Thecostsofabusinessareoftwotypes--directandindirec

[00:

13.43]Thedirectcostsvarydirectlyproductio

[00:

16.82]Ifoneadditionalunitofproductionismade,therewillbeameasurableincreaseindirectcos

[00:

22.70]Whenoneunitlessinmade,therewillbesimilarmeasurabledecreaseindirectcost.

[00:

28.19]Direct-orraw-materialisnormallythelargestcomponentofdirectcos

[00:

34.06]Itincludesallitemsofmaterialthatareofsufficientsizetowarranttheeffortofchargingdirectlytothejo

[00:

40.91]Smallitem,suchasglue,paintandsmallquantitiesofnails,screwsandrivets,donotmerittheclericaleffortinvolvedinchargingdirectlytothejob,andwouldberecoveredasanoverhea

[00:

53.32]Directwageswillvarydirectlywithproductionwhereremunerationisbaseduponpieceworkonl

[00:

59.72]Thismeansthataspecificamountispaidwhenaproductionoperationissuccessfullyfinishe

[01:

04.60]Ifitisnotfinished,nopaymentismade

[01:

07.74]Inthisbookitisassumedthatdirectlabourisofthisnatur

[01:

11.63]Manyorganisationsremuneratelabouronthebasisofalargebasicwage,toppedupwithaproductivitybonu

[01:

18.99]Thebasicelementispaidregardlessofthelevelofproductio

[01:

22.65]Insuchcaseswageswillnotvarydirectlywithproduction,andfallintothecategoryofanindirectcostoroverhea

[01:

31.14]Overheadisageneraltermappliedtoallthecostsinvolvedinrunningabusiness,otherthandirectcost

[01:

37.70]Itcoversthecostsofrunningtheworksorganisation;productresearchanddevelopment;theadministrationofthebusines

[01:

45.17]sellinganddistributingtheproduct;andthecostofraisingfinan

[01:

49.82]Overheadsarediverse,coveringthewholeofthebusinessorganisation

[01:

54.29]Themanagementaccountanthastheproblemofallocatingthesecoststotheindividualproductlinesbeingmanufacture

[02:

00.48]Costcentr

[02:

01.78]Tohelpinthistask,theorganisationissplitupintocostcentre

[02:

07.03]Theseareareasofactivitytowhicharegatheredallcostsofalikenatur

[02:

11.81]Amaintenancedepartment,canteenandstoresareexamplescostcentre

[02:

17.06]Normallycentreswillidentifywithphysicalareasoftheorganisatio

[02:

21.45]Astorescostcentreisaphysicalareainwhichmaterialsarekept,whileawaitingissuetoproductio

[02:

28.45]Acentremayalsonotbeidentifiablewithaphysicalare

[02:

32.40]Thefinancecostcentrewillgathertogetherallthecostsofraisingfinanceforthebusiness,otherthanfromownersorshareholder

[02:

40.37]Itisafunctionoftheadministrationdepartment,andcannotbeidentifiedwithaphysicalareaofthebusines

[02:

47.13]Whereacostcentrehasaproductwhichisbeingmanufactured,itisknownasaproductcentr

[02:

53.51]Examplesareamachineshopwhichismachiningpartsforassemblyintothesaleableproductinanassemblysho

[03:

01.26]Whereacentrehasaproductthatissaleable,thusgivingrisetoanincome,itisalsoknownasaprofitcentr

[03:

08.34]Itiscapableofshowingaprofitorlossitsoverallactivitie

[03:

13.15]Costallocati

[03:

15.13]Themanagementaccountant'staskistoallocatethemany,diverseoverheads,ontothecostofeachproductmanufacture

[03:

23.13]Itisamajortaskrequiringtheuseofmanydifferentbasesofallocatio

[03:

28.04]Theallocationofdirectcosttoaproductcanbeprecis

[03:

32.51]Inthecaseofoverheadallocationanelementoflogicalguesstimatinenter

[03:

38.04]Thereisatwo-foldprocess,firstlytocollectalloverheadcostsontotheproductorprofitcentres

[03:

44.84]andsecondlytoloadtheoverheadsontoeachproductpassingthroughthecentr

[03:

50.19]Text2.2 Costsintheirproperpla

[03:

55.08]ThepeanutbutterapproachtoaccountingisnotatechniquewidelyfamiliartotheUK'sfinancialexecutive

[04:

01.74]Andyet,accordingtoProfessorRobertKaplanofHarvardUniversity,ifbusinessesdonotbecomeawareofthedan