高中英语定语从句.docx

高中英语定语从句.docx

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高中英语定语从句

高中英语定语从句详解

◆英语谚语欣赏

1.Hewhoknowsnothingbutpretendstoknoweverythingisindeedagood-for–nothing.

不懂装懂，一事无成.

2.It’sthefirststepthatcosts.千里之行，始于足下

3.Hethatmakeshimselfasheepshallbeeatenbythewolf.甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼.

Ⅰ.概念：

（1）定语从句：

在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。

定语从句一般紧接在先行词（antecedent）后面。

（2）先行词：

被定语从句修饰的成份。

先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。

（3）引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。

关系词的作用：

1）引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；

2）必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）

常用的关系代词:

that、which、who、whom、whose、as、

常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）:

when、why、where

ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.

Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.

Theboy（whom）youaretalkingtoismybrother.

I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.

定语从句三步：

第一找出先行词；

第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；

第三选择合适的关系词。

Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法：

●that:

可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。

（指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which

●which:

指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，：

1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.（主语）

2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?

3.Youcantakeanything（that）youlike.（宾语）

4.Whatisthequestion（that/which）theyaretalkingabout?

5.Hereistheman（who/whom/that）youwanttosee.

6.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.（主语）

7Thebook（which/that）Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.（宾语）

Which还可做定语

1.Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench.（定语）

2.Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.

●who,whom,

who:

主格,在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人

whom:

只可指人,宾格，在从句中作宾语;

Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.（主语）

Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.（代词如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.）

Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasasuccessasanactor.（宾语）

He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.

=He'saman（whom/who/that）weshouldlearnfrom.

比较：

Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyourpraise.

Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.

●whose:

所有格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。

表示。

。

。

。

。

的

指物时，whose+n=the+n+ofwhich=ofwhich+the+n

Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.（指人）

I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.（指物）

=I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.

=I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.

ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhosemouthteaissupposedtocome

关系代词作介词宾语:

关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.介词前置时，引导词为介词+which（物）或介词+whom（人）

介词后置时，引导词为which/that/x（物）或who/whom/that/x（人）

Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.

=Thisisthebook（that/which）youaskedfor.

DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands？

=Doyouknowtheperson（whom/who/that）Ishookhandswith?

Thebeginningofagriculturewasabigstepinhumanprogresswithwhichnothingcouldcompareuntilourinformationage.

Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.

Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?

Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?

Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.（介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。

lookat,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等）

●as的用法:

（as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语）

①如为限制性的，多用于thesame…as;thesameas；such…as…;asmany/muchas；so…as等结构中。

如：

※Ihavethesamebookasyou（have）.我有一本和你的一样的书。

Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.（关系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表语,先行词是same.）

.-----Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.

Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.

Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.

Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.

比较：

Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.

I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.

比较：

Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.（定语从句）

Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.（结果状语从句）

②如为非限制性的，先行词为一个句子，可用as或which,as引导的定语从句，可置于该句句首，句中或句尾，译为"正如，就像"，which引导的定语从句只能是后面，译为“这一点，那一点”

1.Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.（as作宾语）

=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.（as作主语）

=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth

=whatisknowntoallisthat.smokingisharmfultoone'shealth

=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.（as作宾语）

=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.

2..Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.

3Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.或Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.

Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.

●asweallknow；asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.

Ⅲ.关系副词引导的定语从句:

●When指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

其先行词是表时间的名词（如：

time,day,week,tear,month,etc.）

HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.

Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.

注意：

先行词为"时间名词"，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或that引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。

比较:

Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.（作状语）

Nextmonth,whenyouwillbeinyourhometown,isjustaroundthecorner.

Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.（作宾语）

Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,I'msure,willbeexciting.

IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouⅤwaslaunched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.

Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.

●Where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。

其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：

place,school,factory,room,etc.

ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.

Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.

注意：

先行词是"地点名词"，定语从句可用where引导，还可用which或that引导，which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。

比较:

※Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.（作状语）

Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.

Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.

Governmentreports,legalpapersandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituationswhereEnglishisused.

He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe'slikelytolosecontroloftheplane.

Thesmallmountainvillagewherewespentourholidaylastmonthliesinwhat/theplacewhichisnowpartofHubei.

Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.（作宾语）

Nothavingbeentherebefore,hesimplyhadnoideaabouttheplace,whicheveryonesaysisworthvisiting.

●Why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。

先行词为reason时，可用forwhich指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that引导。

如：

Thereasonwhy/forwhichhedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.

Idon'tbelievethereason（that/which）hegaveme.（作宾语）

Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?

（作主语）

●当先行词为way时，在定语从句中做状语，定语从句常用that,inwhich,或x引导，

。

但如果在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that引导。

如:

Thisistheway（that）/inwhich/xIdosuchthings.

比较:

Pleasedotheexperimentintheway（that/which）Ihaveshownyou.

Ⅳ.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：

1.形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。

2.语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that.

3.语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。

ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。

Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。

4.翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为"的"字结构）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。

（见上句翻译）

比较:

Hehasasister,whoisamusician.

Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.

引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who,whom,whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when，where,why,etc.

1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.

2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.

3.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.

4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.

Ⅴ.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:

●that&which:

在定语从句中，which和that在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样，这里介绍宜用that,而不宜用which的情况.

①先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等,

1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.

2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.

3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?

②先行词被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等词修饰时。

1.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.

2.That'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.

Thelastplace（that）wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.

Youcantakeany（=whichever）seatthatisfree.

IhopethelittlethatIcanwillbeofsomehelptothem.

比较*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.

*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.

③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。

1.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake.

2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.

④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。

1.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.

2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.

⑤先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that.如：

1.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.

2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.

⑥被修饰词为数词时.

1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.

⑦如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。

Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.

⑧疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。

1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?

2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?

⑨主句是Therebe结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.如：

1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.

⑩被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that.

1.That'sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.

2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace（that）itusedtobe.

定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况:

①当关系代词的前面有介词时.

1.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.

2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?

②在非限制性定语从句中.

1.Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.

2.