宾语从句和定语从句讲解.docx
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宾语从句和定语从句讲解
宾语从句和定语从句讲解
〔一〕that引导的宾语从句
宾语从句的引导连词有that,who,whose,what,which,副词when,where,how,why,whether,if
可以跟that从句做宾语的动词有:
say,think,wish,hope,wonder,know,suppose,see,believe,agree.
1、在学习宾语从句的时候要知道宾语从句的构成
Iheardthathewouldcomeherelateron.
主语谓语动词引导词一个句子作宾语
2、要注意在宾语从句中主句与从句的时态要照应
〔a〕当主句用一般现在时,从句要根据实际情况,选择时态
例如:
Ibelieve〔that〕youdidyourbestforthat.
Ibelieve〔that〕youwilldoyourbestforthat.
(b)当主句的时态用一般过去时,从句要用相应的过去时态〔过去时代包括,过去进行时,一般过去时,过去将来时,过去完成时等过去时态〕
例如:
Ihearthathewillcomeherelateron.
Iheardthathewouldcomeherelateron.
Ican’ttellhimthathismotherdied.
(c)当主句的时态用的是过去时态,但是从句的内容是对客观事情的表达,从句依然用一般现在时态。
例如:
Myteachersaidthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.
That引导的定语从句和that引导的宾语从句的区别
定语从句在句中作主句的定语,修饰前面的名词或代词。
被修饰的词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系代词。
我们今天要学习的时由关系代词that来引导的定语从句
一,that在定语从句中既可指代人也可指代物。
先行词是人或者物时,可以用that来引导
如:
Haveyouseenthewomanthatiswearingredcoat?
Hefoundthegirlthatwe’relookingfor.
Pleaseshowmethephotothatyoulikebest.
关系代词that在从句中可充当主语或者是宾语,在当关系代词在句中充当定语从句的宾语时,常常省略。
Hefoundthegirl〔that〕wearelookingfor.
1.Thefanisonthedesk.Youwantit.
__________________________________________________________
2.Themanisinthenextroom.Hebroughtourtextbookshereyesterday.
__________________________________________________________
3.Themagazineismine.Hehastakenitaway.
__________________________________________________________
4.Thestudentswillnotpasstheexam.Theydon’tstudyhard.
__________________________________________________________
5.Thewomanisourgeographyteacher.Yousawherinthepark.
__________________________________________________________
6.Theletterisfrommysister.Ireceivedityesterday.
__________________________________________________________
7.Theplaywaswonderful.Wesawitlastnight.
__________________________________________________________
That引导的宾语从句
Hepromisedthathewouldnevermakethatmistakeagain
Weallbelievethepromisethathemadetous
宾语从句中that为连词,不充当任何成分,可以省略
定语从句中that为关系代词,充当从句的主语或者是宾语,充当宾语时可以省略
选择填空:
1.Theman____visitedourschoolyesterdayisfromLondon.
A.thatB.whichC.whomD.when
2.Thewoman____istalkingtomymotherisafriendofhers.
A.whoseB.thatC.whomD.which
3.Tomdidnottakeawaythecamerabecauseitwasjustthesamecamera____helostlastweek.
A.whichB.thatC.whomD.as
4.Whereistheman____Imetthismorning?
A.whenB.whereC.whichD./
5.Thedoctor____isleavingforAfricanextmonth.
A.thenurseistalkingtohimB.whomthenurseistalking
C.thenurseistalkingtoD.whothenurseistalking
6.Theman____aroundourschoolisfromAmerica.
A.whichyoushowedB.youshowedhim
C.youshowedD.whereyoushowed
7.Haveyoureadthebook____Ilenttoyou?
A.thatB.whomC.whenD.whose
8.Jackispleasedwith____youhavegivenhimandall____youhavetoldhim.
A.that,whatB.what,thatC.which,whatD.that,which
9Hefound____thebook____isaboutAustraliaisveryinteresting
Awhat,whenBthat,whereCthat,/D/,that
10Iamveryhappy____Iwaschosentorepresentourschooltotakepartinthecompetition
A.whatBwhyCwhichDthat
注意!
宾语从句小口诀:
宾语从句三注意,时态语序引导词;主句一般现在时,从句不需受限制;主句一般过去时,从句须用相应时;陈述句转化that引,一般疑问句用if/whether,特殊问句疑问词,引导词后陈述式。
whether或if引导的宾语从句
主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句,从句同样是陈述语序eg,Iwonderif/whetheryouhavetoldthenewstoLiLei.
注意:
一般情况下,whether和if可以互用,
但有些情况例外。
a.当从句做介词的宾于是只用whether不用ifeg,Wearetalkingaboutwhetherwe'llgoonthepicnic.
b.引导词与动词不定式或not连用时,只用whether.eg,Pleaseletmeknowwhattodonext.Couldyoutellmewhetheryougoornot?
c.if当如果讲时,引导的是条件状语从句,这时不能用whether
特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时,引导词用特殊疑问词;引导词后要用陈述句语序。
E.g.Couldyoutellmewhat'sthematter\wrongwithyou?
特殊情况
当doyouthink后接特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时,句式结构应为引导词+doyouthink+陈述句语序。
人称的变化和标点的使用
a.从句的主语如果是第一人称,变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致;如果是第二人称,则与主句的宾语一致;如果是第三人称,不用变化。
如:
“MayIuseyourknife?
”Heaskedme.→Heaskedmeifhemightusemyknife.
“Doyouknowhertelephonenumber?
”Heaskedme.→HeaskedmeifIknowhertelephonenumber.
b.宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。
主句是陈述句,用句号;主句是疑问句,用问号。
如:
Whowillgiveusatalk?
Idon‟tknow.→Idon‟tknowwhowillgiveusatalk.
Doyouknow?
Wheredoeshelive?
→Doyouknowwherehelives
稳固练习
1.Haveyoudecided________forAustralia?
A.whenwillyouleaveB.whendoyouleaveC.youwillleavewhenD.whenyouwillleave
2.Canyoutellme_________?
A.wheredoesTomliveB.whereTomlivedC.TomliveswhereD.whereTomlives
3.Theoldmanaskedme________.
二,定语从句
定义:
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
如:
1)Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.
2)YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.
上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词,叫先行词,定语从句放在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)和关系副词where,when、why
关系词常有三个作用:
1、引导定语从句2、代替先行词3、在定语从句中担当一个成分
关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人,在从句中做主语
(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.
(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.
如果先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,关系代词应该用
who或whom.例:
Isthereanyoneherewhowillgowithyou?
2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。
(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedabout.
注意:
关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。
(2)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.
3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略
(1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.(which在句子中做主语)
(2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.(which在句子中做宾语)
4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。
在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
(5)Thepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityareallhere.(在句子中做主语)
(6)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?
(在句子中做宾语)
具体使用时还要注意以下问题:
1,只能使用that,不用which的情况:
(1)先行词是all,few,little,nothing,everything,anything等不定代词时。
例如:
Allthathesaidistrue.
(2)先行词被only,no,any,all,等词修饰时。
例如:
Heistheonlyforeignerthathasbeentothatplace.
(3)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。
例如:
Hewasthesecond(person)thattoldmethesecret.
(4)先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。
Thisisthebestbook(that)Ihavereadthisyear.
(5)先行词既包括人又包括物时。
例如:
Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethingsheremembered.
2,只用which不用that的情况:
(3)非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。
例如:
Theboy,whoisgoodatsoccer,comesfromXinjiang.
Thatnecklace,whichyougavemeasapresent,waslostyesterday.
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
〔非限)
Thereissomebodyherewhowantstospeaktoyou这里有人要和你说话(限制性)
(4)which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。
在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与andthis相似,并可以指人。
例如:
Hedidverywellinthecompetition,whichmadehisparentsveryhappy.
(5)如果作先行词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which;假设是指集体中的各个成员,则用who。
5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语
(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.
(2)Ilivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.
whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替
(3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
(5)Doyoulikethebookwhosecolorisyellow?
=Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?
6.when指时间,在定语从句中作状语。
例如:
I’llneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedonthefarm.HearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhenIleft.
7.where指地点,在定语从句中作状语。
例如:
Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity
8."介词+关系代词"是一个普遍使用的结构。
(1)"介词+关系代词"可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
"介词+关系代词"结构中的介词可以是in,on,about,from,for,with,toat,of,without等,关系代词只可用whom或which,不可用that。
例:
Isthatthehouseinwhichyoulive?
关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如:
Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears.=Thatwastheroomwhichwehadlivedinfortenyears.像listento,lookat,takecareof等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。
例如:
Thisistheboywhomshehastakencareof.
及时稳固:
一,请分析一下定语从句:
(请划出定语从句,并标出先行词)
1. CheckthewaysyoustudyforanEnglishtest.
2. AnotherthingthatIfoundverydifficultwasEnglishgrammar.
3. Youcouldn’tunderstandpeoplewhotalkedfast.
4. Ihavesomeideasthatmayhelp.
5. Theysaidsomethingyoudidn’tlike.
6. Canyouthinkofanyproblemsyouhavehadrecently?
8. HewouldalwaystakeprideineverythinggoodIdo.
9. MyfriendsandItalkedabouttherulesthatwehaveinschool.
10. Whataresomeoftherulesthatateenagershouldobey?
12. Ifyouknowanyoneelsewhocollectsthem,pleasetellme.
13. Standingveryclosetothepersonyouaretalkingwithisquitecommoninsomecountries.
14. Ifyouknowsomeoneyouknowdoingthis,youcanaskthem.
15. AllIeverwantedtodowastraveling.
二、用关系代词填空:
that、which、who、whom、whose
1. Thisistheman________wantstoseeyou.
2. Thestudent___________answeredthequestionisZhangHua.
3. Theman__________youwenttoseehascome.
4. Theman___________Imetyesterdaylentmesomemoney.
5. Thewoman_______________yousawisourgeographyteacher.
6. Therunner________________youareaskingaboutisoverthere.
7. Theperson______________youshouldwritetoisMr.Ball.
8. Theman___________waspassingbysawwhathappened.
9. Hereisthepen_________youlostthedaybeforeyesterday.
10. Thesebooks_____________youlentmewereveryuseful.
11. Thestorybook____________Ihavejustreadcannotbeeasilyforgotten.
12. Aclockisamachine______tellspeoplethetime.
13. Thisisshirt_______________Iboughtyesterday.
14. Adictionaryisabook_____________givesthemeaningtotheword.
15. Thebook____________isonthet