汽车英文文献讲课讲稿.docx

汽车英文文献讲课讲稿.docx

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汽车英文文献讲课讲稿

Ahighspeedtri-visionsystemforautomotiveapplications

MarcAnthonyAzzopardi&IvanGrech&JacquesLeconte

Abstract

PurposeCamerasareexcellentwaysofnon-invasivelymonitoringtheinteriorandexteriorofvehicles.Inparticular,highspeedstereovisionandmultivisionsystemsareimportantfortransportapplicationssuchasdrivereyetrackingorcollisionavoidance.Thispaperaddressesthesynchronisationproblemwhichariseswhenmultivisioncamerasystemsareusedtocapturethehighspeedmotioncommoninsuchapplications.MethodsAnexperimental,high-speedtri-visioncamerasystemintendedforreal-timedrivereye-blinkandsaccademeasurementwasdesigned,developed,implementedandtestedusingprototype,ultra-highdynamicrange,automotive-gradeimagesensorsspecificallydevelopedbyE2V（formerlyAtmel）GrenobleSAaspartoftheEuropeanFP6project–SENSATION（advancedsensordevelopmentforattentionstress,vigilanceandsleep/wakefulnessmonitoring）.ResultsThedevelopedsystemcansustainframeratesof59.8Hzatthefullstereovisionresolutionof1280×480butthiscanreach750Hzwhena10kpixelRegionofInterest（ROI）isused,withamaximumglobalshuttespeedof1/48000sandashutterefficiencyof99.7%.ThedatacanbereliablytransmitteduncompressedoverstandardcopperCamera-Link®cablesover5metres.Thesynchronisationerrorbetweentheleftandrightstereoimagesislessthan100psandthishasbeenverifiedbothelectricallyandoptically.Synchronisationisauto-maticallyestablishedatboot-upandmaintainedduringresolutionchanges.Athirdcamerainthesetcanbeconfiguredindependently.Thedynamicrangeofthe10bitsensorsexceeds123dBwithaspectralsensitivityextendingwellintotheinfra-redrange.ConclusionThesystemwassubjectedtoacomprehensivetestingprotocol,whichconfirmsthatthesalientrequire-mentsforthedrivermonitoringapplicationareadequatelymetandinsomerespects,exceeded.Thesynchronizationtechniquepresentedmayalsobenefitseveralotherauto-motivestereovisionapplicationsincludingnearandfar-fieldobstacledetectionandcollisionavoidance,roadconditionmonitoringandothers.

KeywordsSynchronisation.High-speedautomotivemultivision.Activesafety.Drivermonitoring.Sensors

1Introduction

Overthecomingyears,oneoftheareasofgreatestresearchanddevelopmentpotentialwillbethatofautomotivesensorsystemsandtelematics[1,2].Inparticular,thereisasteeplygrowinginterestintheutilisationofmultiplecameraswithinvehiclestoaugmentvehicleHuman-MachineInterfacing（HMI）forsafety,comfortandsecurity.

Forexternalmonitoringapplications,camerasareemergingasviablealternativestosystemssuchRadio,SoundandLight/LaserDetectionandRanging（RADAR,SODAR,LADAR/LIDAR）.Thelatteraretypicallyrathercostlyandeitherhavepoorlateralresolutionorrequiremechanicalmovingparts.

Forvehiclecabinapplications,camerasoutshineothertechniqueswiththeirabilitytocollectlargeamountsofinformationinahighlyunobtrusiveway.Moreover,camerascanbeusedtosatisfyseveralapplicationsatoncebyre-processingthesamevisiondatainmultipleways,therebyreducingthetotalnumberofsensorsrequiredtoachieveequivalentfunctionality.However,automotivevisionstillfacesseveralopenchallengesintermsofoptoelectronic-performance,size,reliability,powercon-sumption,sensitivity,multi-camerasynchronisation,inter-facingandcost.

Inthispaper,severaloftheseproblemsareaddressed.Asanexample,driverheadlocalisation,pointofgazedetectionandeyeblinkratemeasurementisconsideredforwhichthedesignofadash-board-mountableautomotivestereovisioncamerasystemispresented.ThiswasdevelopedaspartofalargeFP6IntegratedProject-SENSATION（AdvancedSensorDevelopmentforAttention,Stress,VigilanceandSleep/WakefulnessMonitoring）.Theoverarchinggoalofextendabletomultivisionsystems[5–8].

Thecamerasystemisbuiltaroundamatchedsetofprototype,ultra-highdynamicrange,automotive-grade,imagesensorsspecificallydevelopedandfabricatedbyE2VGrenobleSAforthisapplication.Thesensorwhichisanoveltyinitsownright,istheAT76C410ABACMOSmonochromeautomotiveimagesensor.Thissensorimple-mentsaglobalshuttertoallowdistortion-freecaptureoffastmotion.Italsoincorporatesanon-chipMulti-ROIfeaturewithuptoeightRegionsOfInterest（ROI）withpre-programmingfacilityandallowsfastswitchingfromoneimagetoanother.Inthisway,severalreal-timeparallelimagingprocessingtaskscanbecarriedoutwithonesensor.EachROIisindependentlyprogrammableon-the-flywithrespecttointegrationtime,gain,sub-sampling/binning,position,widthandheight.

Afairlycomprehensiveseriesof“benchtests”wereconductedinordertotestthe