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托福TPO阅读48文本.docx

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托福TPO阅读48文本

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ChinesePopulationGrowth

Increasesinpopulationhaveusuallybeenaccompanied（indeedfacilitated）byanincreaseintrade.IntheWesternexperience,commerceprovidedtheconditionsthatallowedindustrializationtogetstarted,whichinturnledtogrowthinscience,technology,industry,transport,communications,socialchange,andthelikethatwegroupunderthebroadtermof“development.”However,themassiveincreaseinpopulationthatinEuropewasatfirstattributedtoindustrializationstartingintheeighteenthcenturyoccurredalsoandatthesameperiodinChina,eventhoughtherewasnocomparableindustrialization.

ItisestimatedthattheChinesepopulationby1600wascloseto150million.ThetransitionbetweentheMingandQingdynasties（theseventeenthcentury）mayhaveseenadecline,butfrom1741to1851theannualfiguresrosesteadilyandspectacularly,perhapsbeginningwith143millionandendingwith432million.Ifweacceptthesetotals,weareconfrontedwithasituationinwhichtheChinesepopulationdoubledinthe50yearsfrom1790to1840.If,withgreatercaution,weassumelowertotalsintheearlyeighteenthcenturyandonly400millionin1850,westillfaceastartlingfact:

somethinglikeadoublingofthevastChinesepopulationinthecenturybeforeWesterncontact,foreigntrade,andindustrializationcouldhavehadmucheffect.

ToexplainthissuddenincreasewecannotpointtofactorsconstantinChinesesocietybutmustfindconditionsoracombinationoffactorsthatwerenewlyeffectiveinthisperiod.AmongtheseisthealmostcompleteinternalpeacemaintainedunderManchuruleduringtheeighteenthcentury.TherewasalsoanincreaseinforeigntradethroughGuangzhou（southernChina）andsomeimprovementoftransportationwithintheempire.Controlofdisease,likethecheckingofsmallpoxbyvariolationmayhavebeenimportant.Butofmostcriticalimportancewasthefoodsupply.

Confrontedwithamultitudeofunreliablefigures,economistshavecomparedthepopulationrecordswiththeaggregatedataforcultivatedlandareaandgrainproductioninthesixcenturiessince1368.AssumingthatChina’spopulationin1400wasabout80million,theeconomistDwightPerkinsconcludesthatitsgrowthto700millionormoreinthe1960swasmadepossiblebyasteadyincreaseinthegrainsupply,whichevidentlygrewfiveorsixtimesbetween1400and1800androseanother50percentbetween1800and1965.Thisincreaseoffoodsupplywasdue

perhapshalftotheincreaseofcultivatedarea,particularlybymigrationandsettlementinthecentralandwesternprovinces,andhalftogreaterproductivity—thefarmers’successinraisingmorecropsperunitofland.

Thistechnologicaladvancetookmanyforms:

onewasthecontinualintroductionfromthesouthofearlier-ripeningvarietiesofrice,whichmadepossibledouble-cropping（theproductionoftwoharvestsperyearfromonefield）.Newcropssuchascorn（maize）andsweetpotatoesaswellaspeanutsandtobaccowereintroducedfromtheAmericas.Corn,forinstance,canbegrownonthedrysoilandmarginalhilllandofNorthChina,whereitisusedforfood,fuel,andfodderandprovidessomethinglikeone-seventhofthefoodenergyavailableinthearea.Thesweetpotato,growinginsandysoilandprovidingmorefoodenergyperunitoflandthanothercrops,becamethemainfoodofthepoorinmuchoftheSouthChinaricearea.

Productivityinagriculturewasalsoimprovedbycapitalinvestments,firstofallinirrigation.From1400to1900thetotalofirrigatedlandseemstohaveincreasedalmostthreetimes.Therewasalsoagaininfarmtools,draftanimals,andfertilizer,tosaynothingofthepopulationgrowthitself,whichincreasedhalfagainasfastascultivatedlandareaandsoincreasedtheratioofhumanhandsavailableperunitofland.Thustherisingpopulationwasfedbyamoreintensiveagriculture,applyingmorelaborandfertilizertotheland.

Paragraph1

1.WhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassageIncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.Commerce,industrialization,anddevelopmentarecommonfeaturesoftheWestern

experience.

B.Trade,industrialization,anddevelopmentacceleratedsocialchangeinWesternsocieties.

C.TradeandindustrializationbroughtaboutdevelopmentinWesternsocieties.

D.InWesternsocieties,socialchangeprovidedtheconditionsfordevelopmentinanumberofareas.

2.Theword“attributed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.accustomed

B.credited

C.exposed

D.transformed

Paragraph1andParagraph2

somethinglikeadoublingofthevastChinesepopulationinthecenturybeforeWesterncontact,foreigntrade,andindustrializationcouldhavehadmucheffect.

3.Accordingtoparagraphs1and2,whichofthefollowingistrueofChinesepopulationgrowthbetween1741and1851

A.ItcoincidedwiththebeginningofindustrializationinChina.

B.ItpromptedspeculationabouttheactualnumberofpeoplelivinginChinainpreviouscenturies.

C.Itcontinuedthesteadygrowthinpopulationofpreviouscenturies.

D.Itoccurredintheabsenceofcertainconditionsgenerallyassociatedwithpopulationgrowth.

4.Accordingtoparagraph2,theestimatedpopulationofChinainthemid1700swas

A.143million

B.150million

C.400million

D.432million

Paragraph3

5.Theword“constant”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.unique

B.dominant

C.altered

D.unchanging

6.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingstatementsabouteighteenth-centuryChinesesocietyEXCEPT:

A.Itwastroubledbyfrequentconflictswithforeignnations.

B.Itimproveditstransportationsystem.

C.Itexperiencedgrowthininternationalcommerce.

D.Itmanagedtopreventthespreadofcertaindiseases.

Paragraph4

7.Paragraph4answerswhichofthefollowingquestionsaboutChina’spopulationgrowthbetween1400and1965

A.WhichfiguresrelatingtoChina’spopulationgrowthwereunreliable

B.WhydidDwightPerkinsassumethatChina’spopulationin1400wasabout80million

C.WhereinChinadidmostofthepopulationincreasetakeplace

D.WhatfactorsmadeChina’spopulationgrowthbetween1400and1965possible

8.Theword“aggregate”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.available

B.reliable

C.combined

D.recorded

Paragraph5

Thistechnologicaladvancetookmanyforms:

onewasthecontinualintroductionfromthesouthofearlier-ripeningvarietiesofrice,whichmadepossibledouble-cropping（theproductionoftwo

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