学位论文英语专业大众传播媒介.docx

学位论文英语专业大众传播媒介.docx

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学位论文英语专业大众传播媒介

1.Introduction

Thedevelopmentofnewscienceandtechnology,especiallytheinnovationofmasscommunicationmedia,bringspeopleofallnationscloser.TheappearanceoftheInternetandtheextensiveuseofemailshortenthedistancebetweenpeople.AsM.McLuhansays,thewholeearthislikeaglobalvillage[1].Peoplebegintorealizemoretheirneedstocommunicatewitheachother.Buttheshorteningofspacecannotautomaticallyreduceculturalandpsychologicaldistances.Differencesinculturalorientation,socialstandard,andwaysofthinkingwillundoubtedlycausemisunderstandingandculturalshocks.Itisinevitablethatpeopleofdifferentethnicgrouphavetore-understandthemselves.Theyhavetore-examinetheirownculturesbycomparisonwithotherculturesinordertobemoreadaptableintheirinterculturalcommunication.Eventhough,someculturalfactors,whichrootedinthedifferentcountriesandsocieties,affectthetranslatingdeeply.Itmakesthatthesourcemessageunabletobetranslatedintothetargetmessagecompletely.Butifwefindoutsomeusefulmethods,wewouldliketotransfertheuntranslatabilityintotranslatabilitypossibly.

2.DefinitionandPremiseoftheCulture’sTranslatability

2.1Thepremiseoftheuntranslatability

Ifwewanttotalkaboutthetranslatability,weshouldknowthereasonsthatmaketroublestotranslators.Ontheotherhand,Iwanttotalkabouttheuntraslatabilityfirst.Thepremiseoftheuntranslatabilityliesinthecultureregionanditisjustarelativeconcept.Asweknow,cultureisaproductofhumananditisdevelopingwiththedevelopmentofhumanbeing.However,humanbeingoriginatedindifferentplacesanddidn’tknowtherewereotherpeopleslivinginotherplaces.Sohumanbeinglivingindifferentplacescreatestheircultureindifferentways.Differentlanguageswillcarryoutthecoresouloftheculture,whichbelongedtodifferentpalaces.Ontheotherhand,languageisthecarrierofculture[2].

Thecultureregionismainlyexpressedinthelanguages,whichreflectedthedifferenceofculture.Therearemanyfactorsdecidethelanguages’difference.

2.1.1.InfluenceofEnvironmentandWeatheruponLanguage

Thelanguageisrootedinthenaturalandsocialenvironmentsdeeply.Naturalenvironmentsplayaveryimportantroleintheformationofregionalculturesornationalcultures.Itwasobviouslyexpressedintheancienttimeswheneconomieswerenotdeveloped.Therelationshipofculturethenreflectsthatnaturalenvironmentsdeterminepeople’swaysofliving,meansofproductionandbehavioralpatternsornorms[3].

Asisknown,Britainisacountrybuiltupbymanyislands.Fishcultureandseafaringarethemainstayindustryintheirtraditionaleconomy.However,Chinesearelivinginthemaincontinentforthousandsofyears,andpeoplecannotlivewithoutthesoil.Duetothedifferencesoftheregionalculture,therearemanyphrasesabouttheseaandaquaticsproductinEnglish.ItishardtofindtheexactequivalentsinChinesetothosephrases,suchas:

Restonone’soars（暂时歇一歇）

Keepone’sheadabovewater（奋力图存）

Allatsea（不知所措）

Haveotherfishtofly（另有其他要紧事要做）

Drinklikeafish（牛饮，狂喝）

Allisfishthatcomestoone’snet（捕到网里都是鱼）

Neveroffertoteachfishtoswim.（千万不要班门弄斧）

Climatenotonlygiveseffecttothepeople’slivingenvironment,butalsotothewayofhuman’sthinkingandlanguage.ChinaliesintheEastHemisphere’ssemitropicalregion.ThemainClimateisthecontinentalClimate.SoChinesetendtotakeeastwind,asitisthesymbolofthespring.Itwillbringthehopeandnewlifetotheearth.However,thewestwindisthesymbolofwinterandalsobringsthedrearinesstotheearth.Soitisalwaysusedastheforcesofcomingdown.Ifwesternersdonotunderstandthespecialmeaningoftheeastandwestwind,itishardforthemtounderstandChairmanMao’sline“东风压倒西风”.However,Britain,whichliesintheWestHemisphereandtheNorthTemperateZone,belongingtotheoceanicClimate.Sothewestwindisthesymbolofthespring.Inspring,thewestwindbringsmuchwatertothesoil.TheWestWindEulogy,whichiswrittenbythefamouspoetByron,isjustasingtopraisethespring.ThesimilarexamplealsoexistsinChina’ssummerculture.InChina,thesummerisalwaysrelatedtothetorridity.“赤日炎炎似火烧”，“骄阳似火”areoftenusedbydescribingthesummer’shotdays.ButtheBritain’ssummerisacoolandcomfortableseason.Itbringsthepeople’simaginationofloveliness,goodlinessandblandness.SoShakespearecomparedhislovertothesummer:

“ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?

Thouartlovelierandmoretemperate.”

2.1.2Lifestyle’sDifference

Differentlifestylewasformedindifferentlivingenvironment,andthedifferencethatexistsinthelifestyleisrepresentedinlanguages.Forexample,thedifferentfoodofEasternandWesternbringsgreatdifferencestothelanguage.BritainliesintheNorthTemperateZone,andtheirpeople’smainfoodismilkandbread,whichoftenreflectedinthevariousidiomandimagery.Suchas:

Halfaloafisbetterthannone.（聊胜于无）

Earnone’sbread.（赚钱糊口）

Knowwhichsideone’sbreadisbutteredon.（明白自己的利益所在）

Takethebreadoutofsomebody’smouth.（抢别人的饭碗）

Don’tquarrelwithyourbreadandbutter.（你可不要砸自己的饭碗）

Cryoverspiltmilk.（做无益的后悔）

Buttertobutterisnorelish.（千篇一律的东西令人生厌）

Fairwordsbutternoproblem.（花言巧语是不中用的）

However,thericecultivationtakesthedominionstationinChina.Thetraditionalfoodisricebutbread.Nomatterwhattheyeatfordinnereveryday,Chinesenamedtheaction“dinning”.However,differentnameshavebeendefinedtothedinningbasedonthedifferenttimesinBritain.InChina,thewordsthatextendedfromfoodareplenty.Forinstance,饭碗isequaltothejob;夹生饭isequaltothehalf-cookedrice;鱼米之乡standsfortherichplaces;生米做成熟饭iscomparedtothethingswhichhavebeendone;巧妇难为无米之炊issimilartotheproblemwhichacapablepersoncannotdealwithwithouttheessentialingredients,etc.

2.1.3.SetPhrasesOriginatedfromMythology,Legendary,FablesandAllusions

Suchphrasescouldreflectthefeaturesofthetraditionalculture.Aesop'sFables,GreecemythologyandHomer'sepicpoetryleftalargenumberofidioms,suchas:

aHerculeantask（艰巨的任务）,Achilles’heel（致命的弱点）,Samson’shair（致命点）,aswardofDamocles（达莫克勒斯之剑）,theGordian（‘s）knot（难解之结）,betweenScyllaandCharybdis（腹背受敌）,sourgrapes（酸葡萄）,crywolf（狼来了）,Pandora’sbox（潘多拉的盒子；灾难之源）,thecat’spaw（猫爪子；被别人利用作为工具的人）,etc.

TheGreekcultureaffectedtheEnglishcultureverygreatly,suchas“Goldenapple”（红颜祸水）.IntheTrojanWar,GreeceholdingspiesintheTrojanhorse（木马计）,causedthedestructionoftheTrojan.SoitcreatestheGreece’sgift（能害人的礼品）.TheTrojan’slessonispainfulandtheGreece’sgiftisharmful.Thewesternoftensay:

“It’sGreecetome!

”（我真是一窍不通）whentheymetsomethingdifficulttounderstand.Itmaybealsosubstitutedby“ItisallChinesetome!

”TheChinesewordsmaybetoodifficulttobeunderstoodbythewesternersinsomeway.However,theChineseidiomisrichandcolorful.Suchas“牛郎织女”、“楚河汉界”、“守株待兔”、“请君入瓮”、“画龙点睛”、“愚公移山”、“杞人忧天”、“黄粱美梦”、“南柯一梦”、“叶公好龙”、“嫦娥奔月”，etc.

2.1.4.ManandGod

ThewesternpeoplebelieveinGodandthecreationoftheworld.TheHolyBiblehasgreateffecttothewholewesternculture.SoitiseasytounderstandwhytherearetoomanyidiomsoriginatedfromtheBibleandtheChristianity.Suchas:

tobowdowninthehouseofRimmon（向异教徒屈膝投降）,acovenantofsalt（不可背弃的盟约）,gridupone’slions（准备行动）,Judas’kiss（死亡之吻）,thelastsupper（最后的晚餐）,theforbiddenfruit（禁果）,nocomingtoheavenwithdryeyes（眼无泪水，难进天国）,thewaytoheavenisbytheweepingcross（忏悔受难，得升天堂）,aspoorasachurchmouse（家徒四壁）,bearone’scross（背负十字架）.ButChinesehavetheirancientmythologies,suchas:

“夸父追日”、“洪水灭世”、“女娲补天”、“精卫填海”、“神农尝百草”、“大禹治水”。

TheBuddhismandtheTaoismisalsoimportantconsistentintheChineseculture.JustliketheChristianity,thestoriesbringuncountableidiomstoChinese,suchas:

“苦海无边，回头是岸”、“佛法无边”，“不看僧面，看佛面”、“阎王要你三更死，哪得留你到五更”、“八仙过海，各显神通”、“放下屠刀，立地成佛”、“灵丹妙药”，“点石成金”、“狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心”,etc.

2.1.5.History

Chinahasbeenavastagriculturalcountryforthousandsofyears.A.D.Lindsay,MasterofBalliolatOxfordinthelateforties,discussedinhislecturesondemocracythedifficultiesoflargesize.Asamatteroffact,itrequiresaHerculeaneffortjusttoholdsuchacountrytogether.Disunityorfragmentationusuallyledtolongyearsofwaranddestruction,bringinguntoldsufferingtothepeople.So,thephrasesthatoriginatedfromthewarhavebeenusedineveryaspectoflife.Suchas:

“知己知彼，百战不殆”、“围魏救赵”、“暗渡陈仓”、“进退维谷”、“背水一战”、“投笔从戎”、“投鞭断流”、“步步为营”、“坚壁清野”、“运筹帷幄”、“破釜沉舟”、“临阵磨枪”，etc.Theidiom“tomeetone’sWaterloo”isoriginatedfromtheWaterloowarofNapoleon,whichhasthesimilarmeaningof“一败涂地”.IntheBritain’shistory,waralsoconstantlyhappened.Sothequalityofidiomsrelatedtothewaralsobig.Suchas:

marktime（踌躇不决）,maskone’sbatteries（掩盖敌意）,sticktoone’sguns（坚持立场）,andhavebeeninwars（在生活中吃过苦头）andthestoryofhorseforakingdom（一匹马换一个国王）.

ThepopesandkingsruletheBritainforalongtime;thephrasesthatreflecttheangerandhatredareplenty.Suchas:

Thekingandthepope,thelionandthewolf（国王教皇，狮子豺狼）.

Kingsgomad,andthepeoplesufferformit（军王发疯，百姓遭殃）.

Kingshavealonghand.（勿与帝王争）

Moreroyalistthantheking.（比极端分子更极端）

Pope’snose（煮熟的鸡屁股）.

Thepleasuresofthemightyarethetearsofthepoor.（富豪纵欲，穷人流泪）

Thekingsendshiscarriage.（囚车来了）

Andtheproverb“kingsandbearsoftenworrytheirkeepers”issimilartothe“伴君如伴虎”.TheChinesehavebeentyrannizedbythelandlordforthousandsofyears,andexploitedbythemalfeasantanddealers.Solotsofphrases