英美文学小知识.docx
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英美文学小知识
BriefIntroductiontotheRenaissancePeriod
DefinitionsoftheLiteraryTerms:
1.TheRenaissance:
TheRenaissancemarksatransition过渡fromthemedieval中世纪的tothemodernworld.Generally,itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14th&17thcenturies.ItfirststartedinItaly,withthefloweringofpainting,sculpture雕塑&literature.FromItalythemovementwenttoembracetherestofEurope.TheRenaissance,whichmeans"rebirth"or"revival,"isactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchasthere-discoveryofancientRoman&Greekculture,thenewdiscoveriesingeography&astrology,thereligiousreformation&theeconomicexpansion.TheRenaissance,therefore,inessenceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkers&scholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,&torecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.
2.Humanism:
HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.ItsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreamedievalreverencefortheancientauthorsandisfrequentlytakenasthebeginningoftheRenaissanceonitsconscious,intellectualside,fortheGreekandRomancivilizationwasbasedonsuchaconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.Throughthenewlearning,humanistsnotonlysawtheartsofsplendorandenlightenment,butthehumanvaluesrepresentedintheworks.Renaissancehumanistsfoundintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfections,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebuttoquestion,explore,andenjoy.Thus,byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.
3.Spenserianstanza斯宾塞诗体:
SpenserianstanzawasinventedbyEdmundSpenser.Itisastanzaofninelines,withthefirsteightlinesiniambicpentameter&thelastlineiniambichexameter,rhymingababbcbcc.
Chapter1TheRenaissanceperiod(14世纪至十七世纪中叶)文艺复兴
1.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2.theGreekandRomancivilizationwasbasedonsuchaconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心,人是万物之灵。
3.Renaissancehumanistsfoundinthenclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfection,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebuttoquestion,explore,andenjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命,人可以不断发展完善自己,而且世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑,探索以及享受。
4.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.托马斯.摩尔,克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5.WyattintroducedthePetrarchansonnetintoEngland.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
6.ThefirstperiodoftheEnglishRenaissancewasoneofimitationandassimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。
7.Thegoalsofhumanisticpoetryare:
skillfulhandlingofconventions,forceoflanguage,and,aboveall,thedevelopmentofarhetoricalplaninwhichmeter,rhyme,scheme,imageryandargumentshouldallbecombinedtoframetheemotionalthemeandthrowitintohighrelief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用,语言的力度与气概,而最重要的是发展了修辞模式,即将格律,韵脚(式),组织结构,意象(比喻,描述)与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题,并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。
8.ThemostfamousdramatistsintheRenaissanceEnglandareChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare,andBenJonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛,威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。
9.FrancisBacon(1561-1626),thefirstimportantEnglishessayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。
(I)EdmundSpenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞
10.thethemeofRedcrosseisnot“Armsandtheman,”butsomethingmoreromantic-“Fiercewarsandfaithfulloves.”《仙后》的主题并非“男人与武器”,而是更富浪漫色彩的“残酷战争与忠贞爱情”。
11.ItisSpenser’sidealism,hisloveofbeauty,andhisexquisitemelodythatmakehimknownas“thepoets’poet.”正是斯宾塞的理想主义,对美的热爱以及精美优雅的诗文韵律是他成为“诗人中的诗人”。
(II)ChristopherMarlowe克利斯朵夫.马洛
12.Asthemostgiftedofthe“UniversityWits,”Marlowecomposedsixplayswithinhisshortlifetime.Amongthemthemostimportantare:
Tamburlaine,PartsI&II,Dr.Faustus,TheJewofMaltaandEdwardII.马洛是当时“大学才子”中最富才华的人,在他短暂的一生中,他完成了六部剧本的创作。
其中最负盛名的是:
《帖木尔》,《浮士德博士的悲剧》,《马耳他岛的犹太人》以及《爱德华二世》。
13.Marlowe’sgreatestachievementliesinthatheperfectedtheblankverseandmadeittheprincipalmediumofEnglishdrama.马洛的艺术成就在于他完善了无韵体诗,并使之成为英国戏剧中最重要的文体形式。
14.Marlowe’ssecondachievementishiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.马洛的第二项贡献是他创造了文艺复兴时期的英雄形象。
15.HisbrilliantachievementasawholeraisedhimtoaneminenceasthepioneerofEnglishdrama.他对戏剧发展的贡献是不可磨灭的,为此,它被后世尊为英国戏剧的先驱。
16.Thepassionateshepherdtohislove激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘
ThisshortpoemisconsideredtobeoneofthemostbeautifullyricsinEnglishliterature.这首短诗是英国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗。
(III)WilliamShakespeare威廉.莎士比亚
17.Thefirstperiodofhisdramaticcareer,hewrotefivehistoryplays:
HenryVI,PartsI,II,andIII,RichardIII,andTitusAndronicus;andfourcomedies:
TheComedyofErrors,TheTwoGentlemenofVerona,TheTamingoftheShrew,andLove’sLabour’sLost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段,他创作了五部历史剧:
《亨利六世》,《理查三世》,《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧:
《错误的戏剧》,《维洛那二绅士》,《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。
18.Inthesecondperiod,hewrotefivehistories:
RichardII,KingJohn,HenryIV,PartsIandII,andHenryV;sixcomedies:
AMidsummerNight’sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,MuchAdoAboutNothing,AsYouLikeIt,TwelfthNight,andTheMerryWivesofWindsor;andtwotragedies:
RomeoandJulietandJuliusCaesar.在第二阶段,他写了五部历史剧:
《理查三世》,《约翰王》,《亨利四世》,《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》,《威尼斯商人》,《无事生非》,《皆大欢喜》,《第十二夜》,《温莎的风流娘儿们》,还有两部悲剧:
《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。
19.Shakespeare’sthirdperiodincludeshisgreatesttragediesandhisso-calleddarkcomedies.ThetragediesofthisperiodareHamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,AntonyandCleopatra,TroilusandCressida,andCoriolanus.ThetwocomediesareAll’sWellThatEndsandMeasureforMeasure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧(或悲喜剧),悲剧有:
《哈姆雷特》,《奥赛罗》,《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。
两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。
20.ThelastperiodofShakespeare’sworkincludeshisprincipleromantictragicomedies:
Pericles,Cymbeline,TheWinter’sTaleandTheTempest;andhistwoplays:
HenryVIIIandTheTwoNobleKinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧:
《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。
他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。
21.Shakespeare’ssonnetsaretheonlydirectexpressionofthepoet’sownfeelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。
22.Shakespeare’shistoryplaysaremainlywrittenundertheprinciplethatnationalunityunderamightyandjustsovereignisanecessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题:
在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家,统一是非常必要的。
23.Inhisromanticcomedies,Shakespearetakesanoptimisticattitudetowardloveandyouth,andtheromanticelementsarebroughtintofullplay.在他的浪漫喜剧中,莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春,并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。
24.ThesuccessfulromantictragedyisRomeoandJuliet,whicheulogizesthefaithfulnessofloveandthespiritofpursuinghappiness.莎翁在其成功的浪漫主义悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》,颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。
25.Shakespeare’sgreatesttragediesare:
Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,andMacbeth.Theyhavesomecharacteristicsincommon.Eachportrayssomenoblehero.莎士比亚的四大悲剧是:
《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》
26.“TheKing’sgovernmentmustbecarriedon”—butcarriedonforthegoodofthenation,notforthepleasureoftheking.“国王的统治一定要万古不变”----但是这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的,而不是只为国王自己服务。
27.Thus,hefindsnowaytosolvethesocialproblems.Intheend,theonlythinghecandoasahumanististoescapefromtherealitytoseekcomfortinhisdream.正因如此,他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药,最后,他作为人文主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实,从梦幻中找安慰。
28.Heholdsthatliteratureshouldbeacombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruth,andshouldreflectnatureandreality.他认为文学应该是真善美的结合,应该反映天性与现实。
29.Shakespeareisaboveallwritersinthepastandinthepresenttime.古往今来,没有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美,他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。
30.AlmostallEnglishwritersafterhimhavebeeninfluencedbyhimeitherinartisticpointofview,inliteraryformorinlanguage.在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都在艺术观点,文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。
31.Sonnet18isoneofthemostbeautifulsonnetswrittenbyShakespeare.十四行诗第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。
I.EdmundSpenser
1.一般识记
BriefIntroductiontotheAuthor
Englishpoet,borninLondon,England,about1552,anddiedinLondon,Jan13,1599.
2.识记HisMajorWorks
Spenser'smostimportantwork&masterpiece杰作isTheFaerieQueene,agreatpoemofitsage.Acomplexmoral,religious,&politicalallegory,itisalsoanepicthatexaltsQueenElizabethⅠ&theEnglishnation.AccordingtoSpenser'sownexplanation,hisprincipalintentionistopresentthrougha"historicalpoem"theexampleofaperfectgentleman:
"tofashionagentlemanornoblepersoninvirtuous&gentlediscipline."ItsprincipalheroistheArthurofmedievallegend.Thesixbooksofthepoemillustratethenatureofparticularvirtues,suchas,temperance&justice.OthermajorworksofSpenserareTheShepheardesCalender(1579),apoemconsistingof12eclogues-correspondingtothe12monthsoftheyear;Epithalamion(1595),apoemexpressingthedeeppersonalfeelingsoccasionedbythepoetssecondmarriage;Amoretti(1595),aseriesofsonnets.
3.领会HisInfluence
1)MainqualitiesofSpenser'spoetry
①aperfectmelody
②araresenseofbeauty
③asplendidimagination
④aloftymoralpurity&seriousness
⑤adedicatedidealism
2)Inhiswriting,Spenserdrewontheconventions&thoughtofClassical,medieval,&Renaissanceliterature.However,headdedtohisfusionofthesediverseelementsmuchthatwasoriginal,&his